National Security and Military Law in a Nutshell (Nutshell) A Tragedy of Arms : Military and Security Developments in the Maghreb German Military Reform and European Security (Adelphi Papers, 340) Governing Insecurity: Democratic Control of Military and Security Establishments in Transitional Democracies Challenge and Response : Anticipating U. S. Military Security Concern The Two Germanies and Military Security in Europe Ukraine & European Security: International Mechanisms as Non-Military Security Options for Ukraine The Arms Control, Disarmament and Military Security Dictionary (Clio Dictionaries in Political Science) Challenge & Response : Anticipating United States Military Security Concerns

• ABBREVIATION: SECURITY ASSISTAC.
• TITLE: SECURITY ASSISTAC -- SECURITY ASSISTANCE.
• For the United States, security assistance is the military aid provided to other nations. Security assistance takes the form of 4 programs: The Economic Support Fund, the Foreign Military Sales Financing Program, International Military Education and Training, and the Military Assistance Program. ...
• © 2004 Military Periscope. ... Redistribution of content is prohibited without prior consent of Military Periscope. ...

• New Zealand and Australia's leading supplier of equipment and apparel for Law Enforcement and Emergency Services including Police Equipment, Ambulance, Fire, Security, Corrections and Military. Police Equipment, Security Equipment, Ambulance Equ.

• Hackers Breach US Military Security .
• Yet again, hackers broke into a US Military site over the weekend and replaced the official content with some of their own. ...
• A few hours later the site "disappeared", probably taken off-line by operators while they tried to fix the problem and patch the security hole that allowed the hack to be made in the first instance. ...
• This is not the first time US military Web sites have been hacked and such events are obviously a huge embarrassment to those responsible for the security of such systems. ...

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• Military Security Model.
• Military Security Model.

• WITH GUANTANAMO ARRESTS SUGGESTING MAJOR MILITARY SECURITY PROBLEM, SCHUMER URGES TOP-TO-BOTTOM REVIEW OF MOST SENSITIVE BASES .
• Schumer urges top-to-bottom review of security at Guantanamo and other sensitive sites, asks military to tighten security and toughen up policy on background checks.
• With at least two members of the military being detained on charges of espionage and reports indicating that more arrests are likely, US Senator Charles Schumer today called on the Pentagon to conduct an immediate "top-to-bottom" review of security at Guantanamo and other sensitive military installations. ...
• "It is both painful and baffling that there appear to have been security breaches at our most guarded facility holding the most dangerous terrorists that have been arrested since 9/11. These breaches raise serious questions about security in the military and make it clear that an immediate top to bottom review is needed to figure out how these breaches occurred and how we are going to plug them up. ...
• Schumer urged Defense Secretary Rumsfeld to evaluate the Pentagon's background check process to determine how the breaches at the Guantanamo facility occurred and if the process the Pentagon uses to vet soldiers being deployed in national security positions is comprehensive enough. He also asked that the Pentagon take immediate steps to tighten security at Guantanamo and to conduct a security assessment of other sensitive military installations that might be vulnerable to breaches.
• "It seems logical that these two breaches go beyond mere coincidence and raise serious questions about security at Guantanamo and other sites. ...
• Yesterday, Schumer blasted the Defense Department Inspector General for failing to follow through on a promise to conduct a probe into the groups who train and select Muslim clerics for the military. Although the IG's office wrote a letter to Schumer in March saying that it would examine these groups, spokesmen for the military said that no such review is being conducted.
• "The Defense Department informed me in writing six months ago that it was launching a review to determine whether changes need to be made in the groups we rely on to train Muslim ministers and whether a violent form of Islam is being preached in the military," Schumer said. ...

• Foreign Military Studies Office .
• Voyennaya bezopasnost' otchestva (Istoriko-pravovoe issledovanie) Military Security of the Fatherland: Historical-Legal Study . ...
• General-Major Zolotarev is the director of the Institute of Military History of the Russian Ministry of Defense and has other leading positions in the Ministry of Defense and the Rusisan government. He is also a prolific military historian. His most recent publication was sponsored by the Institute of Military History of the Russian Ministry of Defense and the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. The work begins with the author's "forward" in which Zolotarev addressed the radically changed context of Russian national security policy with the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the USSR. ...
• The First Section, a "contemporary look at national security," provides a context to Russian national security policy. Zolotarev addresses Russia place in the world, dangers and threats facing Russian national security, military dangers and threats, principles legal basis and primary directions of national security policy. The second section discusses the problem of national security in tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union and draws specific lessons that are relevant to post-Soviet Russia. ... The Third Section addresses the problem of the Russian Armed Forces and Military Reform, including the relevant lessons from past periods of reform. Zolotarev stressed the need for a concept of military reform that is universal and large-scale. The subsections here address a wide range of topics They include reform of defense administration and civil control of the military. ...
• He also discusses the need to transform the military-industrial complex and to formulate new research and development and procurement strategies in order to secure the acquisition of advanced systems, including "reconnaissance-strike complexes, new types of air defense missiles, aircraft, self-propelled artillery, and weapons based on new physical principles. ... 210 At the same time Zolotarev also recognizes the dangers associated with the militarization of the Soviet economy and outlines measures to promote economic development and reduce militarization while sustaining military modernization. Zolotarev also examines a new basis for military-to-military cooperation voyennoe sotrudnichestvo and identifies the Russian-American cooperation within NATO's IFOR/SFOR as a model for successful peace operations. He also calls for a greater role for OSCE in European peace operations and favors a subordination of NATO as military agent to the mandates of OSCE or the Un Security Council. ...

• Research Projects at the Institute for Military Security Technology .
• Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering Institute for Military Security Technology --> Professor(s).
• In addition to the research activities consulting work and teaching at the faculties of military sciences, electrical engineering and environmental sciences is accomplished. ...

• Unprecedented military security for Commonwealth meeting in Australia.
• Some 2,400 military personnel are on the ground and in the air. ... Even hotel security guards are equipped with night vision gear.
• Alongside the army, Special Forces and air force units, about 4,000 state and federal police have been deployed, as well as officers from all the civilian and military intelligence agencies, including ASIO and the Protective Security Coordination Centre. Altogether, the security detachments outnumber by more than six to one the 1,000 or so official delegates and bureaucrats.
• Security fencing has been erected around the Coolum resort and all unauthorised people have been barred. According to CHOGM spokesman Andrew Reynolds, the complex has been “locked down” to provide “a full security bubble”.
• About 4,000 troops and 6,000 police and private security guards were on hand during the much larger Sydney Olympics in 2000—the only precedent for this week’s show of force—but the CHOGM mobilisation is more visible and intensive and marks the first use of the air force.
• As Defence Minister Robert Hill informed a media briefing before the event, the CHOGM military force has three components. The first is a contingent of soldiers performing what is described as basic security functions, such as patrolling airports, searching for bombs and guarding the perimeters of key premises. ...
• Hill described the military effort, costing more than $9 million, as a “security blanket that is extraordinary in Australian terms”. ...
• Prime Minister John Howard’s government has sent in the armed forces without invoking the military call-out legislation that it pushed through parliament with the backing of the opposition Labor Party in 2000, just before the Olympics. ...
• The legislation reverses the long-standing tradition, based on public aversion to the use of troops against civilians, that the military not be deployed for domestic security purposes. ...
• Premier Peter Beattie’s state Labor government in Queensland has eagerly seized upon the occasion to provide its police force with experience in using high-level security powers.
• “CHOGM security is the largest operation of its type undertaken by the Queensland Police Service in its 137-year history,” Beattie boasts on his CHOGM web site. ...
• Howard and Beattie have justified the extraordinary police-military operation on the basis that CHOGM constitutes a major meeting of world leaders. ... “It includes world leaders that have played a significant role in the war against terrorism and therefore we’ve decided to deploy that extra security. ...

• MEETING OF SENIOR DIPLOMATS, MILITARY/SECURITY AND TROIKA.
• A meeting of Senior Diplomats, Military and Security Experts of the Countries of the Region (Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, South Africa and Tanzania) and the OAU Troika took place in Pretoria, South Africa, on Friday , 11 August 2000, under the chairmanship of Ambassador Jerry Kingsley Mamabolo, Permanent Representative of South Africa to the OAU. ...
• It is to be recalled that, in its decision on the Comoros, the Assembly, inter-alia, "approved the proposals of the Council of Ministers, upon recommendation of the countries of the Region and of the Troika of the Central Organ, aimed at putting and end to the separatist crisis in Anjouan, particularly the military measures whose modalities will be determined by the countries of the Region and the Troika of the Central Organ". ...
• It decided to set up a Working Group of Senior Diplomats and Military/Security Experts from South Africa (Chair), Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Tanzania to: a) propose, with immediate effect, ways and means to further enhance the effectiveness of the measures already in force; b) make a thorough assessment of the impact of these measures. ...
• the meeting also agreed that the countries of the Region should immediately initiate the required preparations for the implementation of the Lome decision on the military related measures. In this regard, the meeting mandated the above-mentioned Working Group to undertake a field mission to the Comoros with a view to assessing the military and security situation, updating existing plans and submitting concrete proposals in order to bring into effect the Lome decision on military related measures. ...
• The Working Group shall submit its report on the two issues within a period of three months to the meeting of Senior Diplomats, Military and Security Experts, which shall reconvene in Pretoria, South Africa, and which, subsequently, will report to the Ministerial meeting of the countries of the Region and of the Troika. ...

• Constructivism and Military Security Studies.
• A study on the basic contribution of constructivists on strategic/military studies.
• Reading for a Master's Degree in Security Studies at a 5*-rated International Politics Department in the UK.
• This paper analyzes the view of constructivism on the military and strategic trends in the world today. It is structured around Christian Reus-Smit's proposition, that state military behaviors are characterized by its normative structures, identity and the mutually constitutive relationship between agents and structures.
• CONSTRUCTIVISM INTERNATIONAL LIBERALISM MILITARY POLITICS RATIONALISM REALISM.
• Term papers on Constructivism and Military Security Studies.
• Essays on Constructivism and Military Security Studies.
• Research papers on Constructivism and Military Security Studies.
• Student papers on Constructivism and Military Security Studies.
• Book reports on Constructivism and Military Security Studies.
• Dissertation / Thesis on Constructivism and Military Security Studies.
• Articles written on Constructivism and Military Security Studies.

• Civil-Military Relations in Central and Eastern Europe.
• European Security Studies Research Institutes.
• Centre for Security Studies and Conflict Research (Zurich) .
• European Research Group on Military and Society (ERGOMAS) .
• International Relations and Security Network (ISN), Zurich .
• Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes .
• - Military Expenditure Country Graphs .

• Dates: December 1-3, 2003 • Internationalizing Homeland Security: Security Cooperation and Interagency Partnerships .
• Date: December 8-11, 2003 • Regional Security in Central Asia .
• Date: February 2-5, 2004 • Bulgarian National Security Review - Building Capabilities .
• Date: February 2-5, 2004 • Dual Enlargement and the Baltic States: Security Policy Implications .
• Date: March 15-16, 2003 • The Political-Military Dimensions of Cyber Security .
• The Political-Military Dimensions of Cyber Security .
• Purpose: To continue the series of conferences designed to provoke debate, dialogue and action on the challenges presented by information technologies in the maintenance of national security.
• Participants would be members of MoDs and other government agencies responsible for automated information security.
• Discuss national security threats to critical infrastructures; .
• Discuss the role of the public sector in managing the risks from national security threats; .
• Discuss the role of the private sector in managing the risks from national security threats; .
• Cyber Security and Protecting Critical Infrastructures. ...
• Privacy and Security | Accessibility | Contact Information | Employment | Links | Reporting to Marshall Center | Directions | XML Feeds .

• Welcome to the Digital National Security Archive.
• Visit the National Security Archive's Document of the Month. ...
• The Digital National Security Archive contains the most comprehensive collection of primary documents available. ...
• About the National Security Archive: Founded in 1985, the National Security Archive has developed a reputation as the most prolific and successful user of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). Through its FOIA expertise, the Archive has built what the Christian Science Monitor called "the largest collection of contemporary declassified national security information outside the United States Government. " Find out more about the National Security Archive at http://www. ...
• Military Uses of Space .

• MILITARY TRAINING 101: Human Rights and Humanitarian Law.
• The United States government trains approximately 100,000 foreign police and soldiers from more than 150 countries each year in approximately 275 military schools and installations offering over 4,100 courses. One of the purported benefits of this training is that it instills respect for human rights and democratic institutions in foreign security personnel. ...
• It is vital that the US military mainstream human rights and humanitarian law into all foreign military and police training. ...
• Based on the findings of Unmatched Power, Unmet Principles: The Human Rights Dimensions of US Training of Foreign Military and Police Forces, Amnesty International USA recommends that the US government:.
• AIUSA’s research suggests that operational military training is at times provided to foreign forces that can reasonably be assumed to contribute to human rights violations in some instances. ... The Leahy Law requiring background screening of trainees has been expanded since its introduction in 1996 to cover most forms of US government-financed military and police training. ... Mainstream human rights and humanitarian law education into all foreign military training. ...
• The US military should integrate human rights and humanitarian law into all training courses at US-based military institutions that include foreign military, security and police personnel. ... Currently, for the great majority of foreign military trainees, no such instruction is required. WHINSEC-SOA’s core human rights program and the Investigative Criminal Investigative Training and Assistance Program’s (ICITAP) partnership with John Jay College could serve as models for some 275 US institutions providing training to foreign military and law enforcement officers. ...
• The US Departments of State and Defense should evaluate existing Expanded International Military Education and Training (E-IMET) courses and promote and encourage the development of more specialized and intensive E-IMET courses with additional explicit human rights and international humanitarian law focus. The leadership of the Departments of State and Defense must ensure that US military aid allocated for E-IMET courses is supported -- not belittled by the US armed services training with foreign militaries, to ensure the intent and value of the E-IMET program. ...
• The US Department of State should develop a more coordinated system for allocating military, security and police training to foreign governments. ...
• Given the nature of SOF missions, it is especially important that such training be reconciled with US law and foreign policy, as well as the political-military and human rights context of the recipient nation. ...
• Investigate and suspend the School of the Americas/WHINSEC and introduce strong human rights safeguards in all US military, security and police training schools. ... To help further prevent abuses, the US Congress should adopt legislation that would require the Secretary of Defense to review and certify that all US military, security, and police courses and training manuals are consistent with US obligations under international human rights and humanitarian law. ...

• Global Military Police Security Robot.
• One of the Global Military Police's (G. ... ) great experiments was the developement of a giant, mecha size, robot that could assist in policing, civil defense and security. ... Most are used as security guards and secondary defense units. ...

• Terrorism & September 11th Spy Plane Missile Defense State of the Debate Commentary Military Analyses Political and Economic Conditions Regional Context US Policy Toward China Chinese Policy and Views Country Overview China and the RMA Arms Trade and Proliferation Taiwan Confrontation Cox Report and Aftermath China Arsenal, from the Federation of American Scientists: Nuclear Weapons PLA Navy Air Force Taiwan Crisis, Federation of American Scientists Strategic Trends in China, National Defense University Rough Waters: Navigating the US-China Security Agenda, a Global Beat Handbook for Journalists China Nuclear Resources, Carnegie Endowment Regional Issues: China, Global Beat The State of China Today .
• to the Chinese Military Power page, your gateway to full-text online analysis and research tools essential to understanding China's military policy, capabilities, and potential. ... opinion regarding China's strategic development, with regularly updated links to online articles, reports, and government documents assessing China's military modernization, relevant political and economic factors, the military balance in East Asia, and U. ...
• China's Military Capabilities.
• In the past decade China's growing military capability has attracted a great deal of attention, but details about the current and likely near-future state of China's military power have been in short supply. While it is true that China is modernizing its forces and increasing defense spending, the prospective improvements in overall military capability need to be set against the very low-technology starting point of China's armed forces.
• It then discusses potential military courses of action by China towards Taiwan, now and in the future.
• Multilateralism and Security Cooperation in ChinaAkiko Fukushima. An Alliance for Engagement: Building Cooperation in Security Relations with China. ...
• Security Strategy and U. ... An Alliance for Engagement: Building Cooperation in Security Relations with China. ...
• -China Security Review Commission HearingsCharles Wolf, Jr. ... -China Security Review Commission Hearings, 7 December 2001. ...
• Visit  Revolution in Military Affairs Debate Page.

• National Security And Defense .
• Military Has The Right To Ban Gays To Preserve Its Fighting Capability .
• -- The renewed national debate over homosexuals in the military was predictable because compromises seldom endure. ... President Clinton failed to lift the 221-year-old military ban because Pentagon brass and a Democratic Congress wouldn't bend. ... DADT hypocritically expects homosexuals to pretend they aren't homosexual while asking the military to pretend it doesn't care that homosexuals serve. ... Perhaps for this reason, on October 7, he created by executive order a military "hate crime" provision making sexual preference equivalent to race, color, and ethnicity in the courts-martial manual. ... For the military, however, policies must be based on the realities of the battlefield and not on the changeable values of society. ... Serving in the military is not a constitutional right. The military has long discriminated based on a host of criteria such as age, physical fitness, and substance abuse. ... If the military were forced to open its ranks to homosexuals, it would also be forced to punish heterosexuals who refuse to bunk or shower with them. ... The debate over homosexuals in the military must focus on military necessity, not on political expediency. ... ) is the Family Research Council's senior director for national security and foreign affairs. He retired from the Pentagon in 1993 after serving as a member of the Army's study group on homosexuals and advising the Pentagon's Military Working Group that wrote the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy.
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• 2720 116 MILITARY SECURITY FUNDAMENTALS.
•   To walk my post in a military manner, keeping always on the alert and .
• 116 MILITARY SECURITY FUNDAMENTALS.
• -         To protect military law enforcement or security personnel who reasonably believe themselves to be in imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm.
• -         To prevent the threatened theft of, damage to, or espionage aimed at property or information vital to the national security; or.
• -         To prevent the actual theft of, damage to, or espionage aimed at property or information which though not vital to the national security is of substantial importance to the national security.
• 116 MILITARY SECURITY FUNDAMENTALS.
• -         Defend property involving national security.
• -         Defend property not involving national security but inherently dangerous to others.
• 6  State the three levels of security classification.
•   Identify the three levels of security classification from highest to lowest:.

• Military Update.
• Security Review Backlog .
• An extraordinary backlog in Defense Department security clearances, already the focus of congressional hearings on the potential threat to U. ... security, has slowed training and assignment pipelines for hundreds of service members in some of the military's most critical career fields.
• The Defense Security Service concedes it has a backlog of at least 500,000 security reviews, most involving reinvestigations of persons with expiring clearances. But the initial clearance process, particular for top secret, also is clogged, the result of years of security review mismanagement, says the General Accounting Office.
• The problem is so severe that the Defense Department soon will shift responsibility for more than 900,000 security reviews to the Office of Personnel Management. Indeed, DSS and the services are counting on a combination of OPM investigators, civilian contractors and 45 military reservists to break a logjam of background checks that have left many young trainees frustrated.
• Smith, a spokesman for Air Education and Training Center in San Antonio, Texas, said 190 airmen and 17 officers currently are stalled in training cycles for lack of proper security clearances.
• The Navy, which begins a new Nuclear Power School class every two months, said 12 percent of students assigned to each class since last September have been held back for want of a proper security clearance. ...
• Nuclear propulsion officials, working with DSS, hope to "improve the situation" by filing security clearances for prospective nuke trainees electronically, and doing it soon after they arrive in boot camp. ...
• The security clearance backlog also began to impact the training pipeline for Navy cryptologists last fall, said Cmdr. ... , "were waiting for security clearances, which delayed their training or transfer to the fleet," Papp said.
• But no other enlisted ratings, he said, reported training delays as a result of the security clearance backlog.
• Caryl Clubb, spokesperson for DSS, said her agency hasn't tracked the effect of the backlog on military training. "But from anecdotal information," she said, "and certainly just from general knowledge, we are aware there is an impact, probably throughout the military including training commands. ...

• Military of Kuwait.
• Before the Gulf War, Kuwait maintained a small military force consisting of army, navy, and air force units. The majority of equipment for the military was supplied by the United Kingdom. ... Iraq still retains a substantial amount of captured Kuwaiti military equipment in violation of UN resolutions. ...
• The government also continues to improve defense arrangements with other Arab states, as well as UN Security Council members. ...
• A separately organized National Guard maintains internal security. ...
• Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Force, National Guard, Coast Guard Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 749,252 (2000 est. ) Military manpower - fit for military service: males age 15-49: 446,518 (2000 est. ) Military manpower - reaching military age annually: males: 17,919 (2000 est. ) Military expenditures - dollar figure: $2. 518 billion (FY99/00) Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 8% (FY99/00) .

• The Role of the Chinese Military in National Security Policymaking.
• This report documents one component of a year-long effort to analyze key factors influencing China's national security strategies, policies, and military capabilities, and their potential consequences for longer-term U. ... national security interests. Specifically, this report examines the current and future roles of the Chinese military in China's national security policy process.
• Tradeoffs in alternative Chinese security strategies toward the Asia-Pacific.
• The increasing role of conservative thought in Chinese foreign and security policy.
• It was carried out under the auspices of the International Security and Defense Policy Center within RAND's National Defense Research Institute (NDRI), a federally funded research and development center sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, and the defense agencies. ...
• This report identifies and defines the leadership, structures, and processes governing Chinese military involvement in China's national security policy process. It emphasizes the specific mechanisms, both personal and bureaucratic, formal and informal, by which the Chinese military currently participates in national security policymaking, as well as the likely views and interests that the military seeks to advance in the national security arena.
• China's national security policy arena is composed of four distinct but closely related subarenas, each performing a core set of policy functions: (1) national strategic objectives; (2) foreign policy; (3) defense policy; and (4) strategic research, analysis, and intelligence. ...
• China's national security policy leadership, structures, and processes do not function in a highly integrated, systematic, or formalized manner. ... , elements below the senior civilian and military leaderships) display considerable regularity and structure, while others (e. ... Moreover, throughout the system, the level of influence in the policy process enjoyed by a specific civilian or military policy organ is often determined primarily by the personal prestige and power of the individual who heads it.
• Yet even here, interactions are by no means insignificant and are apparently increasing in number and relevance to the overall national security policy process.
• Military involvement is evident in all four security policy subarenas, albeit to widely varying degrees, ranging from near total control over defense policy to limited but significant influence over foreign policy. Overall, the dividing line between military and civilian spheres in the formulation and implementation of national security policy is not as clear and absolute as in the past. The military's role in shaping national strategic objectives and in providing strategic analysis and intelligence to civilian leaders is significant and apparently increasing, even though the avenues for military influence over the national strategic objectives subarena remain relatively few. Military influence over foreign policy is also probably on the rise as military views are increasingly expressed and military influence exerted on specific issues in this subarena. In fact, the military's relationship to the foreign policy subarena is arguably the most dynamically changing dimension of the entire national security policy process.

• • US Policy Resources • German Policy Resources • Defense Strategy and Policy • Global War on Terrorism • Iraq News & Information • International Security • Electronic News Services .
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• A central repository of publicly available policy statements with regard to Iraq maintained by the National Defense University's Military Education Research Library Network (MERLN).
• Center for Civil-Military Relations (Naval Postgraduate School) .
• Privacy and Security | Accessibility | Contact Information | Employment | Links | Reporting to Marshall Center | Directions | XML Feeds .

• National Security.
• Military forces have played a critical role in Georgian politics since 1989. In 1991 Georgia's president was overthrown by military force, and the Shevardnadze regime relied heavily on the armed forces to stay in power. Warfare in the autonomous regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, as well as armed resistance by Gamsakhurdia supporters in western Georgia, have further emphasized the military's major role in national security. The Military Establishment.
• At the same time, the political rivalry between Ioseliani and Kitovani, the leaders of the Mkhedrioni (horsemen) and the National Guard, respectively, became one of the key conflicts in the Georgian government hierarchy, and many political parties continued to retain private armies in the guise of armed bodyguards or security teams. ...
• At the time the government announced its plans for a professional army, however, neither existing military group had sufficient internal discipline to carry out major restructuring. ... In May 1993, Shevardnadze induced Kitovani and Ioseliani to resign from their powerful positions on the Council for National Security and Defense, depriving both men of influence over national security policy and enhancing the stature of the head of government. ...
• In the second half of 1993, however, outside threats to national security caused Shevardnadze to rely once again on Ioseliani's paramilitary Mkhedrioni, delaying consolidation of a national military force. In September Shevardnadze's control over the military improved when parliament declared a two-month state of emergency that had the effect of weakening the Mkhedrioni. ...
• Georgia - National Security .
• Georgia - The Military Establishment .
• Georgia - Internal Security .
• Georgia - Civilian National Security Organization .
• Georgia - Long-Term Security.

• TEXT: 'ENSURING MILITARY SECURITY IN A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY' .
• ENSURING MILITARY SECURITY IN A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY .
• Member of the Academy of Military Sciences, Moscow .
• Totalitarian governments, the author argues, can easily prepare for, and wage, war while security policy in a democracy is essentially defensive and must be assured of popular support. ... This problem is further compounded by the fact that the Communist Party had ensured that military theory was the prerogative of the state, and had regarded any independent creative thought as dangerous. The author therefore concludes that, as Russia implements the reform of the military, there is a need for much greater study of military theory which must be freed from its Marxist inheritance. ...
• Many states are building up their military machines. ...
• It is important in these circumstances to assess the possibilities for democratic states to ensure their military security -- a task that is especially relevant for Russia which has embarked on democratic reform and is living through a period of transition. ...
• The emergent Russian democracy is experiencing great difficulties in maintaining its military capability. Military reform is proceeding erratically, and it is focused on military and technical issues while insufficient attention is paid to the problems of democracy. ...
• In the Soviet Union, the balance between the civilian and military sectors of the economy was distorted, and natural and economic resources were usurped to the detriment of the population. ...
• This situation is due, in the first place, to the fact that the military policies and doctrines of democratic states are defensive, and their armies are intended to repulse acts of external aggression and to prevent war. ...
• Second, democratic nations do not militarize their politics, economies or intellectual life, but rather maintain a rational balance between the quality of life and the military capability of the state, and between the civilian and military sectors of the economy. ...
• Third, such nations maintain democratic civilian control over military policies, the army and the military budget. ...
• Unlike totalitarian regimes, democratic nations base their security on popular trust and support, on respect for the law, and on the promotion of upright and competent leaders. ...
• The democratic forces of the world have a powerful potential to prevent all kinds of wars, both those between and within nations, which are waged by political, economic, cultural and military means. ...

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