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1. Kinetic Sciences Fingerprint Biometrics Home Page
- www.kinetic.bc.ca
- Fingerprint Biometrics Division.
- The Fingerprint Biometrics Division is an OEM for fingerprint sensors and related systems. It has been in operation since 1997 and specializes in inexpensive, sub-miniature, high-quality optical fingerprint sensors. ...
- KC-901 Fingerprint Sensor Evaluation Kit .
- USB Desktop Fingerprint Sensor .
- PCMCIA PC Card Fingerprint Sensor .
- Embedded Systems Fingerprint Sensor .
- Combined Fingerprint Sensor & Smart Card Reader .
- Fingerprint Door Lock .
- Fingerprint Sensor Issues .
- Fingerprint Sensor Comparison Chart .
- Fingerprint Sensor Comparison Summary .
- About the Fingerprint Biometrics Division .
- Contact Fingerprint Biometrics Division .
- Fingerprint Biometrics | Robotics & Computer Vision .
2. Metropolitan Police Service: Specialist Operations - Fingerprint Bureau
- www.met.police.uk
- Directorate of Forensic Services - Fingerprint Bureau .
- Sir Edward Henry, who later became Commissioner, formed the Fingerprint Bureau in 1901. ... Three years later fingerprint evidence was used for the first time in a murder case, again resulting in a successful conviction.
- In 1954 the first 'civilian' fingerprint officers were recruited and started their seven year training (later reduced to five years) to become 'fingerprint experts', working in the Fingerprint Bureau at New Scotland Yard and on Area as divisional fingerprint officers (DFOs). In 1969 the first civilian Scenes of Crime Officers (SOCOs) were recruited to work on Area retrieving fingerprint and forensic clues.
- Today the Fingerprint Bureau uses state of the art fingerprint computer technology for this purpose.
- In 1980 the Fingerprint Branch divided to become the National Fingerprint Office (to search and compare sets of fingerprints for criminal record purposes) and the Metropolitan Police Scenes of Crime Branch (to search and compare fingerprint records and marks submitted from crime scenes. ) In 1988, both Fingerprint Officers and SOCOs assimilated to become the new multi-skilled 'Identification Officers'. Identification Officers are now fully trained in both fingerprint and forensic skills.
- The reformed Fingerprint Bureau now consists of teams of fingerprint trained staff in the Fingerprint Bureau who support the Metropolitan Police Areas by processing the fingerprint marks retrieved from crime scenes by area scene examiners or developed by the use of specialised light sources and/or chemical reagents in the Fingerprint Laboratory and four specialist teams of trained staff who undertake scene/property examination for marks and the subsequent search and comparison of these in respect of serious crimes which are investigated by officers from Specialist Crime Directorate based at New Scotland Yard. ...
- For more information on the history of fingerprinting see the Fingerprint centenary pages .
- The main responsibilities of the Fingerprint Bureau are: .
- Maintain a fingerprint database of active criminals in London .
3. Fingerprint Recognition
- www.east-shore.com
- Fingerprint Recognition Technology.
- Automated Fingerprint Recognition Systems.
- East Shore Technologies is known worldwide as a high end automated fingerprint recognition search system supplier and fingerprint recognition technology algorithm provider. East Shore's algorithmic and recognition system solutions satisfy the most demanding of accuracy requirements while maintaining a cost competitive posture as compared to other quality fingerprint recognition technology products. East Shore's fingerprint recognition software can be directly incorporated by integrators into civil ID AFIS and CJ AFIS systems of their own design -or- as appropriate, East Shore can supply systems to integrators, prime contractors and others designed to: .
- perform ten print and latent mark forensic fingerprint searching .
- Fingerprint ID Recognition Implementations.
- Implementations of systems incorporating East Shore's fingerprint recognition and authentication algorithm expertise have been demonstrated around the world. ...
- Civil ID (CID) AFIS systems benefiting from fingerprint recognition identification software include social welfare, pension benefits, identity cards, immigration/passports, motor vehicle licenses, voter registration, work permits, customs and others. ...
- Criminal justice forensic fingerprint recognition ID systems include arrest and latent crime scene / mark systems as well as rapid response correction and wanted persons fingerprint recognition systems. ...
- East Shore is a provider of services to the fingerprint recognition system prime contractors and to integrators of multi-technology systems where fingerprints are only a single component within a larger integrated system. ...
- Matching Algorithms and Systems - highest accuracy algorithms in the industry, for both Criminal Justice Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) and Civil Identification (CID) systems. Fingerprint recognition / identification technology can be supplied by East Shore as algorithmic software for incorporation within an integrator's product or as a complete fingerprint recognition / identification system product. ...
- Image databases - fingerprint image databases, available for testing and background use. ...
- EST challenge - testing opportunity to assure integrators of the accuracy of East Shore's algorithms as compared to any other available fingerprint search algorithm solution. ...
4. Livescan Fingerprint Systems from Integrated Biometric Technology
- www.integratedbiometric.com
- Integrated Biometric Technology and Lockheed Martin have teamed to develop key biometric technologies that revolutionize electronic livescan fingerprint capture, management, and transmission. ...
- Our family of Electronic Fingerprint Capture Stations provide full-featured livescan tenprint capture for law enforcement and applicant processing. ...
- Our scaleable Fingerprint Interface Server supplies store and forward, record management, and WAN and Internet connectivity for transmission of electronic fingerprint records. ...
- We invite you to explore our website, read about our fingerprint products, and contact us to learn more about how Integrated Biometric Technology can help you meet your fingerprint processing needs. ...
5. Google Directory - Computers > Security > Biometrics > Software > Fingerprint Recognition
- directory.google.com
- Search only in Fingerprint RecognitionSearch the Web .
- Fingerprint Recognition.
- Computers > Security > Biometrics > Software > Fingerprint Recognition Go to Directory Home .
- new algorithm for fingerprint matching.
- Fingerprint Search and Recognition Library for C++/Delphi/Visual Basic.
- A database software solution developer specializing in biometric applications including SecureChild, a child care fingerprint attendance system. ...
- Fingerprint verification and recognition software: Development kits (SDK) and application programs. The PrintScan approach makes it easy to add fingerprint technology to a wide variety of products.
- The FBI/Yale/Los Alamos W avelet-packet S calar Q uantization fingerprint compression algorithm, for Windows 3. ...
- Fingerprint Synthesis - http://www. ...
- This consistent model is the basis for development of fingerprint identification.
- Wavelet Scale Quantization (WSQ) Fingerprint Image Compression Certification Guidelines - http://www. ...
- Fingerprint recognition software - an alpha-numeric classification system used in law enforcement to match partial fingerprints recovered at a crime scene with fingerprints on file using a desktop PC.
- Fingerprint Library: finds the right orientation between two fingerprints before doing a minutia analysis, making that analysis more significant (exclusive business relationship with Who Vision Systems).
- Software designed for fingerprint verification (1:1) and identifcation (1xN). ...
6. NOVA Online | Killer's Trail | DNA Fingerprint Lab
- www.pbs.org
7. NIST Image Group's Fingerprint Research
- www.itl.nist.gov
- Fingerprint Research.
- Fingerprint Test Data on CD-ROM .
- A listing of NIST Special Databases useful for evaluating fingerprint classification and matching systems. ...
- Report on studies of fingerprint matching using the NIST verification test bed (VTB) - NISTIR 7020 5,076K .
- Since that time, NIST has determined that the fingerprint system used was not as accurate as current state-of-the-art fingerprint systems and is approximately equivalent to commercial fingerprint systems available in 1998. ...
- NIST Fingerprint Image Software .
- NIST Fingerprint Image Software (NFIS) contains software technology, designed to facilitate and support the automated manipulation and processing of fingerprint images. ...
- Public Domain Pattern Level Classification System (PCASYS) - NFIS Includes an updated version of the automatic fingerprint classification software. ...
- The Wavelet Scalar Quantization (WSQ) Gray-scale Fingerprint Image Compression Algorithm is the standard for the exchange of fingerprint images. ...
- ANSI/NIST-ITL 1-2000 Fingerprint Standard Revision .
- On July 27, 2000, the Board of Standards Review of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approved ANSI/NIST-ITL 1-2000 Data Format for the Interchange of Fingerprint, Facial, & Scar Mark & Tattoo (SMT) Information as an American National Standard. ...
- This standard specifies a common format to be used to exchange fingerprint, facial, scar, mark, and tattoo identification data effectively across jurisdictional lines or between dissimilar systems made by different manufacturers. ...
- The revision began with a Fingerprint Data Interchange Workshop that was held in September 1998. ...
- Introduction to Fingerprint Comparison .
8. Fingerprint Patterns
- www.east-shore.com
- Fingerprint Patterns.
- Fingerprint Patterns.
- Fingerprint Patterns - fingerprints and the ridge structure therein form one of a number of different fingerprint elements used in a fingerprint system. ... Each of these fingerprint system pattern groups can be further subdivided. The division of fingerprint patterns is often as follows: .
- Learn about East Shore fingerprint systems and fingerprint related products/services .
9. CIPHERWAR: Red Hat's eCos Used by Ikendi's Fingerprint Technology
- www.cipherwar.com
- Red Hat's eCos Used by Ikendi's Fingerprint Technology. ...
- Your Fingerprint is the Key.
- The Ikendi solution processes images on a microcontroller that resides inside a device, and it reads a fingerprint in less than 500 milliseconds. That speed and small form factor make it possible to apply fingerprint recognition technology almost anywhere, on a system which is both much quicker and more compact than the PC-based systems that law enforcement agencies have been using for years. ...
- "Our customers are any companies who want to integrate fingerprint recognition in consumer or security applications," says Florian Hoefle, Ikendi's CEO "Our main target is mass applications, like PDAs, notebook computers, mobile phones, point-of-sale terminals, smartcards and smartcard readers, credit card applications and the automotive industry. ...
- For example, explains Hoefle, your fingerprint could one day be the key that unlocks your car door and starts the ignition. And it could happen sooner rather than later, because Ikendi is already supplying manufacturers with a comprehensive design kit, including a base board, sensor plug-in board, fingerprint sensor, documentation, training, and support, along with what it considers to be the ideal software development environment--eCos from Red Hat. ...
- "We are concentrating on our fingerprint software, so we wanted an OS where everybody can adapt extra features and functions, without pushing them to a supplier, where they might only get support from one side. ...
10. Imprimus Forensic Services: Forensic Books: Fingerprint Evidence
- www.imprimus.net
- Fingerprint Evidence.
- Advances in Fingerprint Technology .
- Fingerprint Detection With Lasers.
- Home Up Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Computer Crime Crash Investigation Crime Scene Criminal Investigations Criminal Law Death Investigations Expert Witness Fingerprint Evidence Fire Investigations Footwear and Tire Track Forensic Anthropology Forensic DNA Analysis Forensic Odontology General Forensics Photography - Digital Imaging Report Writing Software .
11. HotAIR - Fingerprint Art (Pirate)
- www.improb.com
- HOME > NEWS&FEATURES > Fingerprint Art (Pirate).
- Fingerprint Art (Pirate).
- The Annals of Improbable Research (AIR) is proud to present the world's first look (other than by visitors to the Cologne Criminal Police Headquarters) at the magnificent fingerprint art of Martin Ehses. ...
- HOME > NEWS&FEATURES > Fingerprint Art (Pirate).
12. Fingerprints
- uscis.gov
- Welcome to the Fingerprint Home Page. ...
- To better ensure both the quality and integrity of the process, USCIS processes fingerprint cards for immigration benefits only if an authorized fingerprint site prepares them. Authorized fingerprint sites include USCIS offices, Application Support Centers (ASCs), designated law enforcement agencies, and U. ... In general, USCIS schedules people to be fingerprinted at an authorized fingerprint site after an application or petition is filed. ...
- To make fingerprinting more convenient for our customers, USCIS has opened a combination of fixed and mobile fingerprint sites. In total, USCIS has opened 76 freestanding fingerprint sites (ASCs) and 54 sites located in existing USCIS offices; established mobile routes serving 46 points of service; and designated 45 law enforcement agencies to take fingerprints for immigration benefits. ... By using electronic fingerprint technology, USCIS expects to significantly reduce processing times for criminal background checks.
- For more information about those immigration benefits that require fingerprinting and fingerprint procedures, please click on the appropriate topic below. Thank you for visiting the Fingerprint Home Page. ...
- Fingerprint Instructions for All Immigration Benefits Applicants .
13. Password-protected Web sites and applications can now be accessed
- www.sony.com
- IT DOESNT JUST RECOGNIZE YOUR FINGERPRINT;.
- Simply place your finger on the pad, and click, youre there! Unlike a password, your fingerprint cant be forgotten or stolen! The Sony line of Puppy® Fingerprint Identity Products provides personal authentication, network access, and file encryption, as well as more robust public key infrastructure (PKI) transactions, personal digital certificates, and Virtual Private Networks. ... And theres no way someone else can ever gain access to your fingerprint file, because its record never has to leave the device. Unlike other fingerprint ID systems, only Sony can scan, match and store your private fingerprint information onboard. ...
14. HotAIR - Fingerprint Art (Pig)
- www.improb.com
- HOME > NEWS&FEATURES > Fingerprint Art (Pig).
- Fingerprint Art (Pig).
- The Annals of Improbable Research (AIR) is proud to present the world's first look (other than by visitors to the Cologne Criminal Police Headquarters) at the magnificent fingerprint art of Martin Ehses. ...
- HOME > NEWS&FEATURES > Fingerprint Art (Pig).
15. Electronic Fingerprint Capture Station
- www.integratedbiometric.com
- Electronic Fingerprint Capture Station (EFCS).
- The Electronic Fingerprint Capture Station (EFCS) 2100 uses a Pentium III personal computer to host the Integrated Biometric Technology fingerprint capture application. The EFCS software manages a livescan tenprinter and provides capture, processing, storage, and transmission of electronic fingerprint records. ...
- The livescanner can be delivered with a hard plastic case, allowing you to carry the complete system to remote locations for fingerprint capture. ...
- Fingerprint Capture with EFCS.
- Following capture, the fingerprint is passed to an image quality algorithm and a quality score is displayed. ...
16. Fingerprint Matching
- www.pims.math.ca
- Fingerprint Matching.
- , fingerprints, face, iris, voice) that have been proposed for biometric identification, fingerprint-based systems are the most widely used. Inspite of over 50 years of research and development, fingerprint matching and classification continue to be challenging research problems. This talk will present methods for fingerprint representation, matching and classification. ... , combination of fingerprints and faces), combination of multiple matchers, fingerprint individuality and digital watermarking of fingerprints will also be presented.
17. OPTEL Ultrasonic Technology / Fingerprint recognition / R&D
- www.optel.com.pl
- Research & Development / Ultrasonic Technology / Fingerprint recognition.
- Fingerprint Synthesis.
- This consistent model is the basis for development of fingerprint identification. ...
18. sony business solutions systems - Information on the various Sony ...
- bssc.sel.sony.com
- FIU-810 Puppy® Fingerprint Identity Token .
- Now from Sony comes the ultimate tool for IT authentication and communication: the FIU-810 Puppy Fingerprint Identity Token. Featuring advanced on-board fingerprint imaging, processing, and storage, standards-based digital certificate technology and on-board file storage capacity, this USB-based Puppy unit is a best-of-breed product! .
- FIU600/WIN - Puppy® Fingerprint Identity Bundle for Windows®: “Safer Surfing Starts Here!”.
- Relax…Sony’s Puppy (FIU600/WIN) bundle features software that not only safely and effectively protects your children from inappropriate web content, chat, and file sharing, but also replaces all of your website passwords with something you can’t forget: your fingerprint. ...
- FIU600/W & FIU600/M - Puppy® Fingerprint Identity Bundles for Windows® or Mac: “Let your fingerprint be your password!”.
- The USB-based FIU-600 features an upgraded version of the fingerprint technology first deployed on the FIU-710 unit and adds the ability to export templates and scan high-quality fingerprint images. In this way, the FIU-600 is interoperable with third-party fingerprint matching algorithms and software on the market. ...
- Let your fingerprint be your password!.
- With Sony's Puppy fingerprint identity device you will no longer need lists of passwords or sticky notes on your monitor. Your fingerprint in the only access tool you will need for personal authentication and file encryption. And your private fingerprint information is processed on the device itself, adding an additional layer of comfort. ...
- FIU600/M for Mac: With Sony's Puppy fingerprint identity device you can login to your Mac system without using a password! Now multiple users can access the same Mac computer with their fingerprints, revealing personalized desktops and settings. Your fingerprint is the only access tool you will need for personal authentication. And, your private fingerprint information is processed on the device itself, adding an additional layer of comfort. ...
- FIU-300 Puppy OEM Fingerprint Identity Device: .
19. Boston.com / News / Boston Globe / Opinion / Op-ed / A blow to the credibility of fingerprint evidence
- www.boston.com
- Home > News > Boston Globe > Opinion > Op-ed A blow to the credibility of fingerprint evidence Boston Globe SEVEN YEARS ago a fingerprint left on a glass of water sent Roxbury resident Stephan Cowans to prison for 30-45 years for shooting a police officer. ... Mnookin 2/2/2004 --> A blow to the credibility of fingerprint evidence.
- SEVEN YEARS ago a fingerprint left on a glass of water sent Roxbury resident Stephan Cowans to prison for 30-45 years for shooting a police officer.
- The prosecution still insisted it had the right guy -- after all, his fingerprint was on that glass. But when that fingerprint was reanalyzed by experts, it turned out not to match Cowans after all.
- However this particular fingerprint error ends up being explained, it raises important issues that go well beyond the Boston Police Department. ...
- One is fraud on the part of the fingerprint examiner. ... Each reveals a significant problem in our current use of fingerprint evidence.
- At present, there is virtually no accurate information on just how often fingerprint examiners actually make mistakes -- and unlike DNA experts, fingerprint experts routinely testify that their matches are "100 percent certain. ...
- " But if we ask how often declared fingerprint matches are actually wrong, the only honest answer is that no one has any idea.
- In another recent case, even the FBI's proficiency tests were acknowledged by another fingerprint examiner to be absurdly easy. ...
- More shocking, there are no uniform standards, locally or nationally, about what counts as a fingerprint match. ...
- But the fingerprint community has little motivation to investigate how often they make mistakes. Fingerprint examiners regularly assert in court that the technique is error-free and that fingerprint matches are a sure thing. ... Unless courts make better knowledge about error rates a precondition of its use as legal evidence, the fingerprint experts will have no incentive to measure them.
- Fingerprint evidence has enormous cultural power -- in Cowans's case, the prosecutor had said he was prepared to prosecute again, despite the exculpatory DNA findings, precisely because of that supposed fingerprint match. Although numerous defendants have challenged the use of fingerprint evidence in court in the past few years, judges for the most part have not taken these challenges as seriously as they should. ... Until the limits of fingerprint evidence are better understood, we must be wary.
20. State of California - SFIS - SFIS Technology Page
- www.sfis.ca.gov
- Fingerprint Technology.
- Statewide Fingerprint Imaging System.
- Fingerprint imaging is an accepted international standard for the identification of individuals. The SFIS implemented digital fingerprint imaging and digital photo imaging, providing state and county welfare agencies with a means of eliminating duplicate aid, identifying fraud and incorrect payments due to administrative errors. These pages provide information on digital imaging, fingerprint science and fingerprint identification technology.
- SFIS Fingerprint Identification Technology .
- How Fingerprint Technology Works .
21. Fingerprint structure imaging based on an ultrasound camera
- www.dss.state.ct.us
- Ultrasonic Technology / Fingerprint recognition.
- Fingerprint structure imaging based on an ultrasound camera.
- pattern which is reflected in a fingerprint). ...
- However, the greatest hope seems to be lying in the possibility of the fingertip structure recognition (this structure is reflected in the fingerprint pattern). ...
- They show ''live'' fingerprint images directly from a finger without the need for ink and paper which have been traditionally used by policemen since Galton times 4 , 5 . ... The description of a typical optical fingerprint imaging system is given in 6 .
- Such a device would not have any moving parts and could replace today's keyboards, mice, graphic pads, and fingerprint identification systems, though this is not the end of its potential applications. ...
- It is however worth mentioning that the algorithms which have been developed allow not only fingerprint recognition but also significant compression of the fingerprint data. ...
- A fingerprint is hardly noticeable because the signal level it gives is at least 30 dB lower than the the signal given by a real finger (in contrast to this, for optical devices this level does not change significantly). The above observation is also true when soot or metal powder is used in order to enhance the fingerprint. ...
- A fingerprint left on a thick (ca 0. ...
- Gaensslen, Advances in Fingerprint Technology, Elsevier 1991, ISBN 0-444-01579.
- Andersen, Peter Juergensen, Fingerprint Verification - for use in Identity Verification Systems, Master Degree Work, Aalborg University 1993,.
- 8 Fingerprint-Chips, Markt\&Technik Nr. ...
- Pluta: Ultrasonic Sensor for Fingerprint Recognition, SPIE Vol. ...
- Kosz: Ultrasonic Setup for Fingerprint Patterns Detection and Evaluation, Acoustical Imaging, Vol. ...
22. Fingerprint Recognition
- www.vislab.ucr.edu
- FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS.
23. Welcome to AuthenTec
- www.authentec.com
- AuthenTec is the leading semiconductor provider of fingerprint sensors to the PC, wireless, PDA, access control and automotive markets.
- AuthenTec is First Provider to Ship Two Million Fingerprint Sensors .
- AuthenTec Delivers Volume Shipments of Biometric Industry's Smallest Fingerprint Slide Sensors .
- AuthenTec Awarded Key Patent for Fingerprint Sensor Packaging .
- Find out how AuthenTec's fingerprint technology can enhance the security, convenience and value of your products.
- AuthenTec's TruePrint-based fingerprint technology is the only biometric technology capable of being used by everyone. ...
24. The Register
- www.theregister.co.uk
- Gummi bears defeat fingerprint sensors By John Leyden Posted: 16/05/2002 at 12:29 GMT The Register Mobile: Find out what the fuss is about. ... A Japanese cryptographer has demonstrated how fingerprint recognition devices can be fooled using a combination of low cunning, cheap kitchen supplies and a digital camera. ...
- First Tsutomu Matsumoto used gelatine (as found in Gummi Bears and other sweets) and a plastic mould to create a fake finger, which he found fooled fingerprint detectors four times out of five. ...
- Using PhotoShop, he improved the contrast of the image and printed the fingerprint onto a transparency sheet. ...
- Matsumoto took a photo-sensitive printed-circuit board (which can be found in many electronic hobby shops) and used the fingerprint transparency to etch the fingerprint into the copper. ...
- Again this fooled fingerprint detectors about 80 per cent of the time. ...
- Fingerprint biometric devices, which attempt to identify people on the basis of their fingerprint, are touted as highly secure and almost impossible to fool but Matsumoto's work calls this comforting notion into question. ...
- Matsumoto tried these attacks against eleven commercially available fingerprint biometric systems, and was able to reliably fool all of them. ...
- "The results are enough to scrap the systems completely, and to send the various fingerprint biometric companies packing," said Schneier in yesterday's edition of his Crypto-Gram newsletter, which first publicised the issue. ...
25. Impact of Artificial "Gummy" Fingers on Fingerprint Systems
- cryptome.org
- See earlier paper, "Biometrical Fingerprint Recognition: Don't Get Your Fingers Burned," by Ton van der Putte and Jeroen Keuning. ...
- Impact of Artificial "Gummy" Fingers on Fingerprint Systems .
- Potential threats caused by something like real fingers, which are called fake or artificial fingers, should be crucial for authentication based on fingerprint systems. ... However, the providers of fingerprint systems usually do not mention whether or not these measures are actually implmented in emerging fingerprint systems for PCs or smart cards or portable terminals, which are expected to enhance the grade of personal authentication necessary for digital transactions. ... This paper reports that gummy fingers, namely artificial fingers that are easily made of cheap and readily available gelatin, were accepted by extremely high rates by particular fingerprint devices with optical or capacitive sensors. We have used the molds, which we made by pressing our live fingers against them or by processing fingerprint images from prints on glass surfaces, etc. We describe how to make the molds, and then show that the gummy fingers, which are made with these molds, can fool the fingerprint devices. ...
- Keywords: biometrics, fingerprint, live and well detection, artificial finger, fingerprint image. ...
- We have focused on fingerprint systems since they have become widespread as authentication terminals for PCs or smart cards or portable terminals. Some of fingerprint systems may positively utilize artificial fingers as substitutes in order to solve the problem that a legitimate user cannot access, for example, when s/he gets injured on her/his fingertip in an accident. 12 Some other cases include dry fingers, worn fingers, and other fingers with a low-quality fingerprint. ... Except for the above-mentioned cases, fingerprint systems generally must reject artificial fingers. In order to reject them, fingerprint systems should take measures to examine some other features intrinsic to live fingers than those of fingerprints. ... 13 Although a number of fingerprint systems have come into wide use, it is not clear whether or not these measures are actually implemented in commercial fingerprint systems. ... In connection, some researchers reported, in 1998, that four of the six fingerprint systems with optical devices accepted silicone fingers. 19 After that, some measures against silicone fingers may have been taken in fingerprint systems. But, someone might object that fingerprint systems with capacitive devices can prevent fake fingers, so they are secure. ...
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