Making Votes Count : Strategic Coordination in the World's Electoral Systems National Conventions and Platforms of All Political Parties 1789-1905: Conventions, Popular, and Electoral Vote (American Classics in History and So) The National Conventions and Platforms of All Political Parties, 1789 to 1905: Convention, Popular and Electoral Vote, Also the Political Complexion The national conventions and platforms of all political parties, 1789 to 1900; convention, popular, and electoral vote, also, the political complexion of both Houses of Congress at each biennial period Proceedings of the Electoral Commission and of the two houses of Congress in joint meeting relative to the count of electoral votes cast December 6, 1876 for the Presidential term commencing March 4, 1877 After the People Vote: A Guide to the Electoral College Drawing the Map: Equality and Efficacy of the Vote in Canadian Electoral Boundary Reform (Research Studies, V. 11) How democracies vote : a study of electoral systems

• Electoral Votes   Primaries Then   Primaries Now .
• If you're an American citizen, 18 years of age or older, you probably think you have the right to vote for presidential candidates in the national election. You're wrong! In our country, when citizens punch their ballots for President, they actually vote for a slate of electors. ...
• Usually, electoral votes align with the popular vote in an election. ...
• The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. ... This system crashed and burned in 1800 when Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr each received 73 electoral votes. ...
• But, the 12th Amendment leaves in place a tie breaking system by which the House of Representatives breaks a tie on presidential electoral votes and the Senate breaks a tie on vice presidential electoral votes. ...
• In recent elections, the electoral college has voted presidents into office by extremely slim margins, as in the case of John Kennedy vs. ... Electors have failed to vote for the candidates to whom they were pledged, as in the case of the elector who jumped from Michael Dukakis' ticket to that of Lloyd Bentsen. And William Jefferson Clinton did not win more than 50% of the popular vote in the three-way presidential race of 1992. Clinton did, however, win the electoral vote and become president. ...
• While these electoral methods may seem strange to us now, it may seem even stranger that the founding fathers didn't even provide a process by which to nominate presidential candidates. ...

• Women-Right to Vote.
• The Electoral College.
• The Electoral Map.
• Elections: The Electoral Map.
• Click on any State for 2000 electoral vote information. ...
• Bush and Richard Cheney received 271 Electoral Votes .
• and Joseph Lieberman received 266 Electoral Votes .
• A nominee needs a majority of the electoral votes to win the presidency. ... They add up the number of electoral votes that each state win represents. The race is over as soon as one of the nominees gets one more than half, or 270, of the total of electoral votes.
• The president is not officially elected until the members of the Electoral College cast their state's votes in December, however, and Congress counts those votes on January 6.
• There were just 13 states and only 69 electoral votes when George Washington was elected. ... Today there are 538 electoral votes, but the number of electoral votes for each state is still determined the way it was in Washington's day. The Constitution allows each state to have as many electoral votes as it has representatives in Congress. ... No state has fewer than three electoral votes. ...
• It might lose electoral votes if a state's population has decreased. It may receive more electoral votes than it previously had if a state's population has increased. The most recent electoral map was drawn up after the 2000 census.

• Electoral reform.
• Electoral reform projects seek to change the way that public desires are reflected in elections. They include measures to reform parties, redefine citizen eligibility to vote, alter electoral constituencies and their borders, design new ballots, counting procedures or equipment, tighten scrutineering (by the parties or other observers), ensure safety of citizens voting, limit the influence of bribes and coercion, and often to alter the rules by which the legislature and executive organize themselves given the ballots, e. ...
• 5 Electoral Borders.
• Electoral reforms seek to make it work a bit better, a bit sooner. ... Electoral Reform is a permanent feature of any democracy. ...
• In less democratic countries, elections are of course demanded by dissidents; therefore the most basic electoral reform project is to achieve a transfer of power to a democratically elected government with a minimum of bloodshed, e. ...
• The United Nations standards address safety of citizens, coercion, scrutiny and eligibility to vote. They do not impose ballot styles, party diversity, or borders on electoral constituencies. ... Contention over electoral constituency borders within or between nations and definitions of "refugee", "citizen", and "right of return" mark various global conflicts including Israel/Palestine, Kashmir, the Congo and Rwanda. ...
• National electoral reform projects tend to be simpler and less focused on life-and-death matters. ...
• Electoral Borders .
• Periodic redrawing of electoral constituency (or "riding" or "district") borders is conducted at regular intervals, or by statutory rules and definitions, if for no other reason than to eliminate malapportionment attributable to population movements. Some electoral reforms seek to fix these borders according to some cultural or ecological criteria, e. ...
• Electoral Reform Wiki .

• Word Count: 1036"HOPE IT HELPS!"The Electoral College.
•      Critically asses the view that the Electoral College system ‘serves American democracy well ’ The Electoral College process is part of the original design of the U. ... The Electoral College was devised by the Founding Fathers to elect the president and vice president. ... The Electoral College system has been criticised many times since its establishment. ... Because of the aggregation of the electoral votes by state, it is possible that a candidate might win the most popular votes but lose in the Electoral College voting, this happened 3 times in the 19th century, but also in the presidential elections of 2000. Although Gore gained nearly half a million more votes than Bush he didn’t gain enough electoral votes to win. The winner-take-all system literally means that the candidate team that wins most of the plurality votes in a particular state gets all of the electoral votes in that state, and the loser gets none, even if the loss is marginal. For example, all 54 of California’s electoral votes go to the winner of that state election, even if the margin of victory is only 50. ... Twenty- six states have no requirement that electors vote in accordance with the popular vote. ... mandate that they vote in accordance with the popular vote but, there’s no penalty if an elector fails to do so. Only 5 states have penalties for deviating from the popular vote, but the sanctions are very small. The main danger of faithless electors is that the candidate who wins the popular vote could wind up 1 or 2 votes short of a majority in the Electoral College and could lose the election on a technicality.

• Bush Receives Enough Electoral Votes to Take Presidency.
• Bush Receives Enough Electoral Votes to Take Presidency.
• Nevada will go into the history books by casting its four Electoral College votes for Republican George W. Bush, pushing him one vote over the bare minimum needed to become the 43rd president of the United States. ...
• Members of the Electoral College remained true to their party pledges Monday, with the exception of one District of Columbia elector who left her ballot blank. ...
• Nevada will go into the history books by casting its four Electoral College votes for Republican George W. Bush, pushing him one vote over the bare minimum needed to become the 43rd president of the United States. ...

• " Voters select one ticket to vote for; they can't choose a presidential candidate from one ticket and a vice-presidential candidate from another ticket. ...
• The Electoral College. ... These electors make up the "Electoral College. ...
• The People in Each State Vote for Electors in the Electoral College. ...
• The Electoral College Votes for the President. The Electoral College then votes for President and for Vice-President, with each elector casting one vote; these votes are called electoral votes. Each elector is pledged to vote for particular candidates for President and Vice-President. In most elections, all the electors vote in accordance with the pledge they made; it is not clear what would happen in the unlikely event that a large number of electors violated their pledge and voted differently. ...
• Normally, one of the candidates for President receives a majority (more than half) of the electoral votes; that person is elected President. That candidate's vice-presidential running mate will then also receive a majority of electoral votes (for Vice-President), and that person is elected Vice-President. ...
• If There's No Electoral College Winner, the House of Representatives Chooses the President. In the rare event that no presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes, then the President is chosen instead by the House of Representatives, from the top three presidential vote-getters in the Electoral College; each state delegation in Congress casts one vote. (The Vice-President would be chosen from the top two vice-presidential vote-getters by the Senate. ...
• There are many arguments pro and con the Electoral College, but this system does guarantee that the person elected President has substantial support distributed throughout the U. ... The Electoral College has also been a major factor in the United States' long-term political stability. ...

• Abolish the Electoral College.
• Position Paper on the Electoral College.
• As anyone who paid even the slightest attention to the election of 2000 knows, American presidential elections are decided not by the popular vote but by a unique institution known as the Electoral College. ... Constitution to win a majority (not merely a plurality) of the votes in the Electoral College. Under the Constitution, each state gets one vote in the Electoral College for each U. ... Thus in 2000 New York State had 33 electoral votes, since it had two U. ... In the 2004 Presidential election it will have only 31 electoral votes, as its representation in the House will be reduced to 29 in the Congress that takes office in January of 2003. As there are at present 435 members of the House and 100 members of the Senate; and as the Twenty Third Amendment to the United States Constitution in practice gives the District of Columbia three electoral votes, there are now 538 votes in the Electoral College (subject to a caveat noted later). Thus to become President, an individual must obtain at least 270 electoral votes. ...
• In all the states except Maine and Nebraska, the winner of a plurality of the popular votes gets all that state's electoral votes. ... Bush won Florida by only 537 votes out of about 6 million cast in the state he got all of its 25 electoral votes -- which gave him a total of 271 electoral votes and thus the election.
• FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS THE STATEN ISLAND DEMOCRATIC ASSOCIATION BELIEVES THAT THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE OUGHT TO BE ABOLISHED AND THAT THE AMERICAN PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT OUGHT TO BE CHOSEN IN DIRECT ELECTIONS JUST LIKE EVERY OTHER ELECTED OFFICIAL IN THE NATION:.
• The framers decided to have the President chosen via the indirect method of the Electoral College rather than by direct popular vote because the majority of them were highly suspicious of the average person's ability to make a knowledgeable and dispassionate choice. ...
• As has happened four times in our history, the winner of the majority or plurality of the popular vote may not get the requisite majority in the Electoral College. ... There have been four occasions in American history where the winner of the popular vote has lost the election. The four popular vote victors who lost were Andrew Jackson (in 1824 to John Quincy Adams); Samuel Tilden (in 1876 to Rutherford B. ... When a loser in the popular vote becomes President, the result is an undemocratic one and, moreover, he or she is likely to lack the legitimacy to govern effectively. ...

• How the Electoral College Works.
• › Introduction to How the Electoral College Works.
• › When the Electoral College Counted.
• When the Electoral College Counted.
• In most presidential elections, a candidate who wins the popular vote will also receive the majority of the electoral votes, but this is not always the case. There have been four presidents who have won an election with fewer popular votes than their opponent but more electoral votes. ...
• Here are the four elections when the candidate who led the popular vote did not win the office: .
• 1824: John Quincy Adams, the son of former President John Adams, received more than 38,000 fewer votes than Andrew Jackson, but neither candidate won a majority of the Electoral College. ...
• Hayes a one-vote margin in the Electoral College, despite the fact that he lost the popular vote to Samuel J. ... These five states plus Colorado gave Hayes 22 electoral votes with only 109,000 popular votes. ... So, Hayes won Colorado's three electoral votes with zero popular votes. ...
• 1888: Benjamin Harrison lost the popular vote by 95,713 votes to Grover Cleveland, but won the electoral vote by 65. In this instance, some say the Electoral College worked the way it is designed to work by preventing a candidate from winning an election based on support from one region of the country. ...
• After Bush was awarded the state of Florida, he had a total of 271 electroral votes, which beat Gore's 266 electoral votes. ...
• In cases where no candidate wins a majority of electoral votes, the decision is thrown to the House of Representatives by virtue of the 12th Amendment. The House then selects the president by majority vote with each state delegation receiving one vote to cast for the three candidates who received the most electoral votes. ...

• So Just What Is The Electoral College?.
• Remember The Electoral College From Social Studies? Here's A Refresher.
• ELECTORAL COLLEGE .
• National Archives Guide To Electoral College Procedures .
• The votes that count are the 270 cast by the members of the little-understood Electoral College. ...
• It may have bored you back then -- and it's often viewed as an oddity -- but the low-profile ritual of the Electoral College is suddenly critically important. ... Bush and Al Gore is so close, the official voters of the Electoral College could conceivably pick a president that's not the same one chosen by a majority of the people. ...
• When Americans vote in a presidential election, they are technically picking representatives pledged to the candidates, not voting directly for the candidates themselves. ...
• What they do: The electors meet on a day in December, often in their state capitals, and by custom or law vote for their party's choice for president and vice president. ...
• How it's made up: Each state has as many votes in the Electoral College as the total of its senators and representatives in Congress. ...
• How it works: In most cases, the candidate who wins the highest number of popular votes in a state gets all of that state's electoral votes. ...
• By the numbers: A candidate needs 270 electoral votes out of 538 to win the presidency. Big states: California, 54 electoral votes; New York, 33; Texas, 32; Florida, 25; Pennsylvania, 23; Ohio, 21; Illinois, 22; Michigan, 18. ...
• How it's changed: Before the emergence of two political parties, the candidate who came second in the electoral vote became vice president. Among other changes: the 23rd Amendment, ratified in 1961, enfranchised the District of Columbia, which has three electoral votes. ...
• The quirk: It is possible for a candidate to win the most electoral votes and become president even while losing the popular vote nationally. In 1824, 1876 and 1888, the winner of the popular vote lost the election. ...

• Re: Electoral College - Yes or No?.
• This morning's edition of the Tri-City Herald reported a strictly partisan split among the presidential electors polled by AP relative to the future of the electoral college. ...
• Bush, your vote did not count.   No matter how rabidly you denounced Al Gore as the antichrist, you live in a state that didn't vote for the winner, and you will pay the price. ...
• The Electoral College was our founding fathers' original effort at making every vote count, and it has served us well over the years, but it doesn't do a very good job in the information age. ...   In this day of national media, the distinction between small states and large states in the electoral process is more of an invitation to mischief than a proper distribution of power, anyway.
• If we were to insist that each state's electoral vote be split according to the popular vote in the state, we would avoid the most persistent disadvantage of the current system, the overwhelming block vote in the most populous states.   Here's how it might have worked out, using CNN's popular vote results and giving the round-off to Governor Bush:  State.
•   An appropriate reflection of the national popular vote, I'd say.   The election would go to the House of Representatives, where each state gets exactly one vote, to be decided by the state's Congressional delegation. ...
• The national vote, by the way, averages out to one electoral vote for every 192,000 votes cast.   On a state-by-state basis, that ranges from about 64,000 ballots per electoral vote in the District of Columbia to almost 244,000 ballots per electoral vote in Minnesota. ...
• How about this as a more populist alternative:  every Congressional district gets one electoral vote, to be decided by popular election and cast by certification of the vote. ...   To preserve the voice of the residents of less populous states, we assign 102 additional electoral votes, to be decided by popular election, two in each state and the District of Columbia.   Finally, to give some weight to the popular vote, we assign more electoral votes on the basis of the nationwide popular vote, allowing some voice to voters in Puerto Rico and other places not readily associated with a state election.   The number of additional votes is subject to some discussion; I suggest 129--equal to the sum of the three largest states--to be allocated according to the national popular vote. ...

• Electoral Vote Calculator .
• In the race for president, the winner of the popular vote in each state wins all the electoral votes in that state (except in Maine and Nebraska). There are 538 total electoral votes and 270 electoral votes - a majority - are needed to win.
• Use the Electoral Vote Calculator to determine the total electoral votes for George W. ...
• The calculator has been pre-set to the 2000 election results and the electoral votes for each state have been adjusted based on the 2000 census. ... Bush were to win the same states in 2004 that he won in 2000, he would receive 278 electoral votes compared to the 271 electoral votes he received in 2000. ...

• 2004 Projected Presidential Electoral Votes as of 3/8/2004.
• Bush Electoral Votes.
• Kerry Electoral Votes.
• KEYWORDS: 2004; BUSH; ELECTION; ELECTIONPRESIDENT; ELECTORAL; ELECTORALCOLLEGE; ELECTORALVOTE; ELECTORALVOTES; GEORGEBUSH; GEORGEWBUSH; GWB2004; PRESIDENT; PRESIDENTBUSH; PRESIDENTIAL; VOTE; VOTES Navigation: use the links below to view more comments.
• If the traders are correct, President Bush would receive 278 Electoral Votes and John Kerry would receive 260 Electoral Votes.
• 2004 Projected Presidential Electoral Votes as of 3/1/2004.
• 2004 Projected Presidential Electoral Votes as of 2/23/2004.
• 2004 Projected Presidential Electoral Votes as of 2/16/2004.
• 2004 Projected Presidential Electoral Votes as of 2/9/2004.
• 2004 Projected Presidential Electoral Votes as of 2/2/2004.
• 2004 Projected Presidential Electoral Votes as of 1/26/2004.
• 2004 Projected Presidential Electoral Votes as of 1/21/2004 3 posted on 03/08/2004 3:11:31 PM PST by Momaw Nadon (Goals for 2004: Re-elect President Bush, over 60 Republicans in the Senate, and a Republican House. ...
• 11 posted on 03/08/2004 3:18:35 PM PST by Betaille (The city put the country back in me) Post Reply | Private Reply | To 5 | View Replies To: Momaw Nadon No change in total Electoral Votes from last week. ...
• 19 posted on 03/08/2004 3:30:13 PM PST by Betaille (The city put the country back in me) Post Reply | Private Reply | To 17 | View Replies To: Momaw Nadon I predict a Bush win with at least 300 electoral votes, maybe 325. ... ) Post Reply | Private Reply | To 1 | View Replies To: Terpfen "I predict a Bush win with at least 300 electoral votes, maybe 325. ...
• 25 posted on 03/08/2004 3:59:32 PM PST by Betaille (The city put the country back in me) Post Reply | Private Reply | To 24 | View Replies To: Momaw Nadon If the traders are correct, President Bush would receive 278 Electoral Votes and John Kerry would receive 260 Electoral Votes.

• Before the election, some pundits were expecting Al Gore to win the electoral vote and for George W. Bush to win the popular vote. ... Bush (R), could win the popular vote, and another, Al Gore (D), could win in the Electoral College" (Christian Science Monitor Roundup, November 6, 2000).
• In fact, Bush's advisors were already ready to fight an electoral college loss.
• "Twice before, Presidents have been elected after losing the popular vote. ... Samuel Tilden won the popular vote (51% to 48%) but lost the presidency to Rutherford Hayes, who won by a single electoral vote. Twelve years later, in 1888, Grover Cleveland won the popular vote by a single percentage point, but lost his reelection bid to Benjamin Harrison by 65 electoral votes.
• Back then, a switch of about 5,500 votes in Ohio and 6,500 votes in Mississippi would have given those states to Ford, enough for an Electoral College victory. ...
• Had Bush won the popular vote and Gore the electoral vote, one Bush aide said, '"The one thing we don't do is roll over. ...
• In league with the campaign — which is preparing talking points about the Electoral College's essential unfairness — a massive talk-radio operation would be encouraged. ...
• Al Gore has the popular vote and the electoral vote appears to hang on what happens in Florida. In the meantime, some people are wondering whether members of the electoral college are likely to be pursuaded to alter their votes. ...
• Bush nails down Florida's 25 electoral votes but none of the other states still in doubt, he'll have a slim jamority of 271 electors (out of 538) pledged to back him when each state's contingent meets to cast ballots on Dec. ... But the Constitution and federal law don't require electors to vote as pledged, and statutes in some states requiring them to do so probably are constitutionally unenforceable. ...
• Out of 21,291 electoral votes cast since 1786, only nine went against the wishes of the states they were supposed to represent - the handiwork of what presidential scholars call 'faithless electors. ...
• elector Barbara Lett Simmons, who said she would withhold her vote for Gore as a way to protest the District's lack of statehood - but only if doing so would not affect the outcome of the election.

• Gore leads in electoral votes.
• Bush in electoral votes, according to a new survey, though Bush has more states "solidly" in his corner than Gore does. ...
• According to Portrait of America's Electoral College results, published yesterday, states solidly in favor of Gore or leaning toward him have a total of 213 electoral votes, compared with 203 for states that are solidly for or leaning towards Bush. ...
• Bush has 82 electoral votes in states "leaning" towards voting for him, compared to Gore's 161. There are 122 "toss-up" electoral votes remaining; a candidate needs 270 votes to win Nov. ...
• Understanding the Electoral College is difficult for many Americans, but it is important to note that U. ... presidents are not elected by popular vote -- nor have they ever been. The electoral system used in the United States is unique. According to the Federal Election Commission, here is how the electoral system works: .
• The political parties (or independent candidates) in each state submit to the state's chief election official a list of individuals pledged to their candidate for president and equal in number to the state's electoral votes. ...
• The FEC said the two exceptions to this are Maine and Nebraska, where two electors are chosen by statewide popular vote and the remainder by the popular vote within each congressional district. ...
• On the Monday following the second Wednesday of December (as established in federal law), each state's electors meet in their respective state capitals and cast their electoral votes -- one for president and one for vice president. ...
• The electoral votes are then sealed and transmitted from each state to the president of the Senate who, on the following January 6, opens and reads them before both houses of the Congress. ...
• The candidate for president with the most electoral votes, provided that it is an absolute majority (one over half of the total), is declared president. Similarly, the vice presidential candidate with the absolute majority of electoral votes is declared vice president.
• "In the event no one obtains an absolute majority of electoral votes for president, the U. ... House of Representatives (as the chamber closest to the people) selects the president from among the top three contenders with each state casting only one vote and an absolute majority of the States being required to elect, the FEC said. ...

• The president and vice president were traditionally elected indirectly by an electoral college to a single 6-year term and not allowed to seek immediate reelection. Constitutional reforms adopted in August 1994 reduced the presidential term to 4 years, abolished the electoral college in favor of direct voting, and limited the president and vice president to two consecutive terms; they are allowed to stand for a third term or more after an interval of at least one term. ...
• Voters in the federal capital of Buenos Aires elected an electoral college which chose the city's senators. ...
• Note: the US does not recognize any claims to Antarctica Independence: 9 July 1816 (from Spain) National holiday: Revolution Day, 25 May (1810) Constitution: 1 May 1853; revised August 1994 Legal system: mixture of US and West European legal systems; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state and head of government: President Néstor KIRCHNER (since 25 May 2003); Vice President Daniel SCIOLI (since 25 May 2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 27 April 2003 election results: Néstor KIRCHNER elected president; percent of vote - Néstor KIRCHNER 22. ... 3% (3,144,528 votes) Legislative branch: bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the Senate (72 seats; formerly, three members appointed by each of the provincial legislatures; presently transitioning to one-third of the members being elected every two years to six-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies (257 seats; one-half of the members elected every two years to four-year terms) elections: Senate - transition phase will begin in 2001 elections when all seats will be fully contested; winners will randomly draw to determine whether they will serve a two-year, four-year, or full six-year term, beginning a rotating cycle renovating a third of the body every two years; Chamber of Deputies - last held 24 October 1999 (next to be held NA October 2001) election results: Senate - percent of vote by bloc or party - NA; seats by bloc or party - Peronist 40, UCR 20, Frepaso 1, other 11; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by bloc or party - NA; seats by bloc or party - Alliance 124 (UCR 85, Frepaso 36, others 3), Peronist 101, AR 12, other 20 Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Corte Suprema), the nine Supreme Court judges are appointed by the president with approval of the Senate Political parties and leaders: Action for the Republic or AR Domingo CAVALLO ; Alliance (UCR, Frepaso and others) leader NA ; Front for a Country in Solidarity or Frepaso (a four-party coalition) Carlos ALVAREZ ; Justicialist Party or PJ Carlos Saul MENEM (Peronist umbrella political organization); Radical Civic Union or UCR Raul ALFONSIN ; several provincial parties Political pressure groups and leaders: Argentine Association of Pharmaceutical Labs (CILFA); Argentine Industrial Union (manufacturers' association); Argentine Rural Society (large landowners' association); Armed Forces; business organizations; General Confederation of Labor or CGT (Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization); Peronist-dominated labor movement; Roman Catholic Church; students .

• Register to Vote.
• What is the Electoral College?.
• These electors - collectively called the Electoral College - in turn cast their votes to pick the president.
• Each state receives the number of electoral votes equal to the number of its members of the House of Representatives, which depends on the state's population, and the number of its senators, which is always two.
• So, for example, Florida has 25 electoral votes, because it has 23 members of the House and two senators. California has the most electoral votes, with 54. No state gets any fewer than three electoral votes. The District of Columbia also has three electoral votes.
• In 48 states, and in the District of Columbia, it is a winner-take-all system: The winner of the popular vote in a given state receives all of that state's electoral votes.
• Let's take, for example, the state of Texas (with 32 electoral votes). This election, Bush won 66% of the total vote, Gore won 33% of the total vote. ...
• In New York (33 electoral votes), Gore won 60% of the vote, Bush 35%. ...
• For an informative videoclip on the electoral college, click here. ...
• Origins of the Electoral College.
• The architects of the US political system established the Electoral College process because they did not trust the average voter to understand the issues or know the political leaders of the new nation well enough to make informed choices. ...
• Furthermore, the framers of the Constitution preferred the electoral system to a direct popular election because in the 18th century, travel was difficult and there were no national party organizations. They feared that many regional candidates would divide the vote. Requiring a candidate to win a majority in the Electoral College was a way of obtaining a national consensus.

• Electoral College Oddities.
• In a very real sense, the Electoral College doesn't exist. ... Thus the college of cardinals chooses the Pope, and the electoral college chooses the American president and vice-president.
• The Constitution originally directed that the second-place finisher in the Electoral College balloting should be declared the vice-president. In the first presidential election some electors cast their second vote for John Adams, while others voted for Clinton, Jefferson, or Burr. Since Adams came in second in the electoral vote, he became our first vice-president.
• As if this record were not inauspicious enough, certain electors from several other states also failed to vote. Two Virginia electors did not vote, and two Maryland electors likewise failed to cast ballots. Thus of the 91 electoral votes envisioned by the Constitution as the maximum any candidate could receive in this first election, 22 were not cast.
• The people of South Carolina didn't get a chance to vote in a presidential election until 1860—and one month later the state left the union. ... Thus in the 1828 election Maryland gave six electoral votes to John Quincy Adams and five to Andrew Jackson.
• Many observers believed Ross Perot might win one of Maine's electoral votes in the 1992 election, but while Perot ran ahead of Bush in the state, he did not carry either congressional district.
• Lesser Known Winners of Electoral Votes.
• In addition to the major party nominees, other Americans have won electoral votes for president, including James B. ... But what about Thomas Hendricks (who won 44 electoral votes for president) and B. Gratz Brown (who won 18)? These men won their electoral votes in 1872, after the death of Horace Greeley between election day and the meetings of the electors. ... ) Three electors loyally tried to vote for the dead man. ...

• (Redirected from Vote of no confidence) .
• The motion is passed or rejected by means of a parliamentary vote. ...
• Typically, when parliament votes No Confidence, or where it fails to vote confidence, a government must either .
• For example, in Germany, a vote of No Confidence requires that the opposition propose a candidate who is appointed Chancellor by the Federal President. Unlike the British system, the Chancellor does not resign in response to passage of a vote of No Confidence but rather is dismissed by the Federal President (see Constructive Vote of No Confidence). ...
• Sometimes Motions of No Confidence are proposed, even though they have no likelihood of passage, simply to pressure a government or to embarrass its own critics who nevertheless for political reasons dare not vote against it. In many parliamentary democracies, strict time limits exist as to the proposing of a No Confidence motion, with a vote only allowed once every three, four or six months. ...
• In almost all cases, party discipline is sufficient to allow a majority party to defeat a Motion of No Confidence, and if faced with likely defections in the government party, the government is likely to change its policies rather than lose a vote of No Confidence. ...
• Post-War Germany has prevented the passage of multiple Motions of No Confidence by using electoral rules which discourage small parties and by having a constitutional provision known as a Constructive Vote of No Confidence in which a Motion of No Confidence does not dissolve a government unless the proposers of the motion have named an alternative prime minister. ...

• A reader writes on immigration and the Electoral College.
• And they form a not-insignificant part of the Electoral College, especially in California.
• Ten million legal residents are twenty electoral votes, and 5,000,000 illegals are ten electoral votes, assuming that the Census has counted them somehow in 1996, but only when they get past 500,000 per state do they show up in the Electoral College.
• Florida has 790,000 legals and 350,000 illegals for 2 electoral votes.
• New Jersey's legal total would come to less than one electoral vote or congressman, but the state's 135,000 illegals put the resident alien population over the requisite half million.
• Of course, it's illegal for any of these people actually to vote in the Presidential election, but many of them are registered to vote anyway.
• Electoral College, list of states and votes.

• Day by Day:  What Happened in the Electoral College Controversy of 1876-1877.
• Democrat Samuel Tilden wins a narrow majority of the popular vote against Republican Rutherford Hayes, but both sides claim to have won the presidency in the Electoral College vote.   The 19 electoral votes in three states—South Carolina (7), Florida (4), and Louisiana (8)—are disputed. ...   Tilden’s total stands at 184 electoral votes, one short of a majority, with Hayes at 165 needing all 20 of the disputed electoral votes to win the presidency. ...
• The Electoral College meets in all the states and cast ballots for president and vice president. ...
• A special Senate committee for establishing a process for resolving the disputed electoral count is announced. ...
• A special House committee for establishing a process for resolving the disputed electoral count is announced. ...
• The Senate passes the Electoral Commission bill, which establishes a 15-member commission—of five senators, five representatives, and five Supreme Court justices—to decide the disputed election. ...
• Justice David Davis, an independent assumed to be the deciding vote on the Electoral Commission, is elected to the U. ...   His place on the Electoral Commission is filled by Justice Joseph Bradley, a Republican.
• The House passes the Electoral Commission bill, 191-86, with Democrats voting 158-18 in the affirmative. ...
• President Grant signs the Electoral Commission Act into law.
• Congress meets in a joint session to count the electoral votes for president and vice president.   Senator Thomas Ferry of Michigan, a Republican and president pro tempore of the Senate, opens the electoral reports and begins the count of states in alphabetical order.   Conflicting sets of returns are presented for Florida, which are referred to the Electoral Commission. ...
• The case of Florida is argued by lawyers for both the Republicans and the Democrats before the Electoral Commission. ...

• How the Electoral College Works -- And Why It Works Well.
• They created the Electoral College to protect the residents of the smaller states, and they rejected government by simple majority because plebiscites historically have been the tool of dictatorships, not democracy.
• To win the presidency, the candidate must receive a majority of the electoral votes. To determine how many electoral votes a state has, just take the number of each state's U. ... Even the residents of the smallest states (or the District of Columbia) have a minimum of three electoral votes.
• The Electoral College, in practice, gives a little more electoral power to racial minorities, such as blacks and Hispanics, and thus is important in helping to achieve racial justice. Because these minorities tend to live in the large cities of the bigger states, their votes are important in tilting all the electoral votes of their state, thus encouraging candidates of both parties to appeal for their votes.
• Of course, if the total vote is what matters, we would have to recount the entire nation, not just Florida. The Electoral College system saves us from that. If there are allegations of fraud, the investigation is limited to states where the electoral votes matter and the race is close.
• A purely popular vote would encourage some states (particularly one-party states) to change their voting requirements to increase that state’s influence nationwide. For example, a state could drop the voting age to 17 or 16, because more people voting would allow that state affect the national vote, not just the electoral vote. ... Bush would have spent more time in Texas, racking up huge majorities, because an extra vote in Texas would counterbalance a Gore vote in California.
• Some pundits are now calling on Bush electors to "vote their conscience," which translates to, "violate your pledge. " If an elector wants to vote that way, then he or she should run that way: "Elect me and I promise to vote for someone whom I will pick later. " However, every elector in this race has made one simple promise to the voters: "Elect me and I'll vote for Bush, Gore, Nader, etc. ... If they do not, Congress should refuse to accept the vote of the faithless elector and count that vote as it has been pledged, because faithless electors have deceived and disenfranchised those who voted for them.

• Bush Grabs Electoral Vote Lead.
• Bush has pulled ahead of Democrat Al Gore in the latest CBS News Electoral College count. ...
• Bush has the lead in 24 states worth a total of 209 votes; Gore leads in 12 states (plus the District of Columbia) with 182 electoral votes. The remaining 14 states, with a total of 147 electoral votes, are considered too close to call; 270 votes are needed to claim victory in the presidential election. ...
• electoral map. ...
• Bush: 24 states, 209 electoral votes. ...
• Gore: 12 states and District of Columbia, 182 electoral votes. ...
• Tossup: 14 states, 147 electoral votes. ...
• (270 electoral votes needed to win. ...
• The winner in each state claims all of that state's delegates to the Electoral College, which is composed of 538 members – one for each of the 535 members of Congress, plus three for the District of Columbia. ...
• Bob Dole by 8 percentage points in the popular vote, which translated into more than a two-to-one advantage in the Electoral College, 379 to 159. ...
• The most recent shifts in the electoral map favor Bush. ... With its 23 electoral votes, the Keystone Sate becomes the second most valuable battleground remaining, and would constitute a huge loss for Gore. ...
• But the Texas governor's White House ambitions would be seriously damaged without a win in Florida, the fourth richest state on the electoral map with 25 votes. ...
• Gore, meanwhile, has a big edge in the East, where he's expected to bring home such valuable electoral trophies as New York, New Jersey, and Massachusetts. He also has the inside track on the campaign's grand prize – California, with its 54 electoral votes – as well as Illinois, the top prize in the Midwest, with 22 electoral votes. ...

• News | Candidates | Convention | Vote | Polls | Search | Shop.
• Win the White House! You've found the only interactive electoral college map on the Internet. ...
• Bush needs to collect 270 electoral college votes on a state-by-state basis. ...

• While most states in this category are small and carry little clout (including Bush running mate Dick Cheney's home state of Wyoming), this group also includes the electoral-vote rich states of Texas, North Carolina, Georgia and Virginia. ...
• Strong GOP states in 1992 and 1996 (156 Electoral Votes) .
• Gore has a smaller number of strong states, but they include the two biggest prizes in the Electoral College: New York and California. ...
• Strong Clinton states in 1992 and 1996 (177 Electoral Votes) .
• Competitive states in 1992 and 1996 (205 Electoral Votes) .
• Does this mean that we are headed for a close Electoral College finish in November? Not necessarily. It is entirely possible for one of the candidates to do well in most of the competitive states and capture the lion's share of their electoral votes. ... So the electoral college vote may end up one-sided even if the popular vote is reasonably close. That was the scenario in 1988 when George Bush, the father of the GOP nominee, won the White House with 54% of the popular vote but 79% of the electoral votes.

• Electoral College Details .
• GEORGE WASHINGTON: 69 electoral votes.
• JOHN ADAMS: 34 electoral votes.
• JOHN JAY: 9 electoral votes.
• HARRISON: 6 electoral votes.
• JOHN RUTLEDGE: 6 electoral votes.
• JOHN HANCOCK: 4 electoral votes.
• GEORGE CLINTON: 3 electoral votes.
• SAMUEL HUNTINGTON: 2 electoral votes.
• JOHN MILTON: 2 electoral votes.
• JAMES ARMSTRONG: 1 electoral vote.
• BENJAMIN LINCOLN: 1 electoral vote.
• EDWARD TELFAIR: 1 electoral vote.

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