More of the Straight Dope Answers To Tough Questions The Gospel According to Luke (X-XXIV): Introduction, Translation, and Notes (Anchor Bible, Vol 28A) Being Religious, American Style : A History of Popular Religiosity in the United States False Impressions Mammoth Encyclopedia of the Unsolved Desire of the Everlasting Hills : The World Before and After Jesus Shroud The Emperor of Scent : A Story of Perfume, Obsession, and the Last Mystery of the Senses

• Shroud of germs (Shroud of Turin theory).
• Shroud of germs.
• Stephen Mattingly believes the Turin shroud was 'painted' by bacteria from a dying man's body. ...
• The image of a tall, bearded man bearing the marks of crucifixion that adorn the Turin shroud has never been adequately explained. Those who have attempted to answer the vexed question of the shroud's origins have often found themselves accused of poor science, even vested interests. ...
• Stephen Mattingly of the University of Texas Health Science Centre in San Antonio believes the image on the Turin shroud was created not by human hands or any mystical power, as has been suggested, but by bacteria. ...
• In 1989, three separate scientific teams published a study of the shroud in the journal Nature. Using radiocarbon dating, they claimed the shroud must have come into being some time between 1260 and 1390 -suggesting that it was a medieval hoax rather than the genuine article. ... He doesn't claim that the individual wrapped in the linen shroud was necessarily Jesus, but he does think microbes, not Leonardo, were the real artists behind the image. ...
• But he insists the Turin shroud is not the basis for his belief. ...
• The bacterial imprint revealed fingernails, a ring and facial features, very similar in quality to the image on the Turin shroud. ...
• Schwortz was the official documenting photographer for the Shroud of Turin Research Project (Sturp), set up by a group of US scientists in the late 1970s. ...
• Schwortz cautions that there seem to be discrepancies between Mattingly's image and the shroud. For instance, the image of Mattingly's face is distorted by the wrap-around effect of the cloth, but the image on the shroud is not. ...
• Having examined the shroud, Sturp concluded in 1981 that it contained no pigments, paints, dyes or stains, and that the image was probably created by oxidation and dehydration of the cellulose fibres of the linen itself. ...
• Even more contentious, however, is Mattingly's claim that microbes skewed the shroud's radiocarbon date - the claim on which his theory depends. The fragments of the shroud he has seen, he says, are "completely coated" with bacteria, just like any piece of dirty old linen might be. ...

• shroud. com: Shroud of Turin Website. ... (Shroud of Turin Research Project), die 1978 die spektakuläre Untersuchung am Originaltuch in Turin durchführte. ...
• Inhalt: Das Neueste über das Turiner Grabtuch – das Tuch in Großaufnahme zu näheren Betrachtung der Einzelheiten – eine Link-Seite – Informationen über Ausstellungen – die Geschichte des Tuches und der Erforschung – Wissenschaftliche Artikel – eine Bücherliste – Informationen zu Konferenzen und Symposien – einen Bericht über die spektakuläre Untersuchung von 1978 – Religion und Philosophie-Artikel zum TG – einen Index der Zeitschrift Shroud Spectrum International“ – Informationen über das Feuer 1997 in Turin – und vieles mehr.
• com: Website des Turin Shroud Center of Colorado.
• Jackson, der Leiter der 1978er Erforschung des Originaltuches in Turin. ...
• shroud. org: Website der Holy Shroud Guild.
• Informationen über die 1982 in New York gegründete Holy Shroud Guild, deren langjähriger Leiter Rev. Adam Otterbein maßgeblich daran beteiligt war, dass 1978 die Gruppe STURP in Turin das Originaltuch untersuchen durfte. ...
• shroud. ...
• it: Website des Shroud of Turin Education Project (STEP).
• edu/~adw2/shroud: Website des Council for Study on the Shroud of Turin (CSST):.
• it/shroud: Website des Centro Internazionale di Sindonologie, Turin.

• Radiocarbon Dating of the Shroud of Turin.
• 3 - Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QJ, UK.
• 6 - Research Laboratory, British Museum, London WC1B 3DG, UK.
• Very small samples from the Shroud of Turin have been dated by accelerator mass spectrometry in laboratories at Arizona, Oxford and Zurich. ...   The results provide conclusive evidence that the linen of the Shroud of Turin is mediaeval. ...
• The Shroud of Turin , which many people believe was used to wrap Christ's body, bears detailed front and back images of a man who appears to have suffered whipping and crucifixion. ...   After many journeys the shroud was finally brought to Turin in 1578 where, in 1694, it was placed in the royal chapel of Turin Cathedral in a specially designed shrine. ...
• Photography of the shroud by Secondo Pia in 1898 indicated that the image resembled a photographic 'negative' and represents the first modern study.   Subsequently the shroud was made available for scientific examination, first in 1969 and 1973 by a committee appointed by Cardinal Michele Pellegrino 1 and then again in 1978 by the Shroud of Turin Research Project (STURP)2.   Even for the first investigation, there was a possibility of using radiocarbon dating to determine the age of the linen from which the shroud was woven.   The size of the sample then required, however, was ~500cm, which would clearly have resulted in an unacceptable amount of damage, and it was not until the development in the 1970s of small gas-counters and accelerator-mass-spectrometry techniques (AMS), requiring samples of only a few square centimetres, that radiocarbon dating of the shroud became a real possibility. ...
• To confirm the feasibility of dating the shroud by these methods an intercomparison, involving four AMS and two small gas-counter radiocarbon laboratories and the dating of three known-age textile samples, was coordinated by the British Museum in 1983. ...
• Following this intercomparison, a meeting was held in Turin in September-October 1986 at which seven radiocarbon laboratories (five AMS and two small gas-counter) recommended a protocol for dating the shroud.   In October 1987, the offers from three AMS laboratories (Arizona, Oxford and Zurich) were selected by the Archbishop of Turin, Pontifical Custodian of the shroud, acting on instructions from the Holy See, owner of the shroud. ...   The procedures for taking the samples and  treating the results were discussed by representatives of the three chosen laboratories at a meeting at the British Museum in January 1988 and their recommendations 4 were subsequently approved by the Archbishop of Turin.
• 1 Mean radiocarbon dates, with a ±1 sd (sd = standard deviation) errors, of the Shroud of Turin and.

• A Shroud Interest Group, Inc.
• net--> About the Project .
• Imago Christi, A Shroud Interest Group, Inc. was organized to "research, study, and disseminate" information concerning the relic known as the Shroud of Turin. ... " It is a non-profit organization designed to help the public audience learn about the Shroud by facilitating an interest in the humanities. ...
• The project's primary purpose is for further study and research on the Shroud of Turin. The principal staff of Imago Christi, A Shroud Interest Group, Inc. ... Key consultants include directors and other individuals from Shroud centers established both nationally and internationally and from sindonology scholars. ...
• --> -->About the Shroud .
• Brief History of Turin Shroud --> .
• The remarkable object known as the "Shroud of Turin" has been an historically recorded relic since 1353 when it was documented as being owned by the de Charney family in France. ...
• The Shroud is believed by many to be the actual burial cloth of Jesus of Nazareth. History on the Shroud describes this unbleached, herringbone weave, sepia color cloth as 14 feet 3 inches long by 3 feet 7 inches wide. It was wrapped in red silk in a silver chest in the Chapel of the Holy Shroud in the Renaissance Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, Turin, Italy, up until the time of the fire which occurred April 11-12, 1997. ... During the exposition of the Shroud, held in May-June 1998, the Shroud was exposed for public viewing in the Cathedral of St. ...

• SI DIGEST & The Shroud of Turin.
• As many of you know, the Shroud of Turin is one of the most remarkable historical artifacts on planet Earth. Believed by many to be the actual burial cloth of Christ, the Shroud has been the subject of intense devotion, exhaustive scientific research, heated debates, and ongoing controversies. Recently, SI DIGEST, the online newsletter of the COMMITTEE FOR THE SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION OF CLAIMS OF THE PARANORMAL (CSICOP), published an article by Joe Nickell about the Shroud of Turin that dismissed the Shroud as "perhaps the world's most notorious religious hoax. " Since CSICOP claims to champion serious scientific investigation, I immediately wrote the editors and asked them to either issue a public retraction concerning the Shroud article they published and/or offer an explanation as to why they ran an article on the Shroud that was so blatantly biased and uninformed. In case they weren't aware of the serious scientific investigation that has been, and continues to be conducted on the Shroud, my letter also included information from the Shroud of Turin Website (http://www. shroud. ... Schwortz, the Official Documenting Photographer for the SHROUD OF TURIN RESEARCH PROJECT, INC. ...
• They responded by clarifying a sentence in Nickell's story concerning the Shroud being part of a phoney faith-healing scheme to bilk credulous pilgrims (Nickell's, according to the editors of SI DIGEST, was referring to what took place in the 14th century, not what is taking place now in Turin). The SI DIGEST editors also included a longer article by Nickell, which elaborated on Nickell's current Shroud views. After sharing the longer Nickell article with Schwortz -- one of a handful of people on the planet who actually studied the Shroud in person with a team of highly-trained scientific experts -- Schwortz offered a more thorough rebuttal of Nickell's scholarship and views.
• The Shroud story that SI DIGEST published in their March 13, 1998 edition.
• The information from the Shroud of Turin Website that I included in my first letter to the editors of SI DIGEST.
• Especially important Shroud references on the NHNE Website.
• To dispel all notions that the Shroud of Turin can be dismissed as easily as Joe Nickell (and SI DIGEST) attempted to do in their recent article; 2. ...
• The Shroud story that SI DIGEST published in their March 13, 1998 edition:.

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• Shroud of Turin - Daniel R. ...
• Former skeptic on the authenticity of the Shroud of Turin posts the results of his research into its scientific, forensic, and historical significance.

• Turin Shroud.
• Home Page - Mysteries of History - Turin Shroud - Theories.
• Faking the Shroud.
• Was the camera obscura, the forerunner of the modern camera, used to produce the Turin Shroud? There are many substances in nature that are sensitive to light, although exposure times of several days would have been necessary.
• Studies by the American Shroud of Turin Research Project (STURP).
• For some, the Shroud image is simply the result of a miracle. This view is even taken by some scientists who have studied the Shroud, such as STURP’s John P. ...
• The nearest parallel to the Turin Shroud is Our Lady of Guadelupe in Mexico city, an image of the Virgin Mary that is said to have appeared on the cloak of a native Mexican in the 16th century. ...
• Where the Shroud is concerned, however, many of those who believe it to be miraculous also argue that science can be used to prove that the miracle happened, in particular by showing that the cloth really is 2000 years old (which means that they have to reject the results of the 1988 carbon dating). ...
• One the earliest scientific theories put forward to explain the Shroud image was that it was formed through a chemical reaction between the cloth and the body it wrapped. ...
• The most recent proponents of this theory are Holger Kersten and Elmar Gruber, who believe that Jesus (who they think was still alive when he was placed in the Shroud) was coated in a healing ointment containing myrrh and aloes. Vignon in his day, and Kersten and Gruber in the 1990s, carried out experiments to produce Shroud-like images using their processes. The results do reproduce some of the Shroud’s characteristics, such as the colour, but not all. ...
• The American Shroud of Turin Research Project (STURP) looked for the residue of chemical by-products and did not find them.
• Early advocates of the theory did not have the benefit of the data collected by the scientific examinations of the 1970s, and so did not realise that the processes that they proposed did not reproduce some of the Shroud image’s most important characteristics, such as the fact that the image is on one side of the cloth only. ...
• This is particularly noticeable on the face, which on the Shroud is, if anything, unusually thin. ...

• Carbon Dating the Shroud of Turin .
• The Shroud of Turin made its first recorded appearance in the 1350's in the town of Lirey, France. ... Since then, many people have believed that the Shroud is the burial cloth of Jesus Christ and the image is that of Jesus. ... In any case, critical inquiry into the Shroud through the centuries has had little impact on peoples' belief in its authenticity. ... A sample of the cloth could be taken, and if the age was significantly less than 2000 years, then the Shroud must be a fake, for it's hard to see how even God could contrive to wrap a man in a cloth that didn't yet exist. If the age should prove to be around 600 years, then it would be reasonable to conclude that the original investigation conducted in the fourteenth century had in fact uncovered the truth about the Shroud. However, the test required damaging the cloth, and the Church was understandably reluctant to submit the Shroud for testing. In 1978 an unprecedented opportunity arose to study the Shroud scientifically. For five days a team of scientists known as STURP (Shroud of Turin Research Project) subjected the Shroud to a variety of tests. Unfortunately, almost nothing was learned from this, and the project was seriously marred by the team's lack of objectivity: most of the members were already devout believers in the Shroud's authenticity. ... This was the technique that ultimately was used to establish the age of the Shroud. Relic, Icon or Hoax? Carbon Dating the Turin Shroud by Harry Gove, is a documentary of the testing.
• Gove mentions a rumor that the Shroud had been secretly carbon dated prior to the documented tests, an astonishing possibility that I don't believe (and neither does Gove). ...
• At one point during the five days in 1978 that STURP had the Shroud, fanatics ran in from the street and placed their bodies up against it! .
• Page 283 contains a mysterious and tantalizing statement implying that Umberto, last king of Italy, exiled to Portugal, had known for a long time the Shroud was a forgery. ...
• By far the most important aspect of this book, and I can recommend it for inclusion in a skeptic's library on this basis, is that it lays bare the steps taken to achieve the dating of the Shroud. ...

• Kenneth Stevenson, a fascinating and accomplished young man, who shared with me the remarkable evidence about the mysterious Shroud of Turin. Previously, like many other Christians, I had ignored the claims that the Shroud of Turin could possibly be the actual burial garment of Jesus Christ on the basis that it appeared to be only a Catholic "relic. " In addition, the well publicized claims that the 1988 radioactive carbon 14 dating tests suggested that the Shroud was woven approximately A. ...
• Far from repudiating the possibility that the Shroud of Turin is the genuine burial cloth of Christ, Dr. ... It was fascinating to examine the reports that suggested the 1988 carbon 14 dating tests were inaccurate and that all C-14 radioactive tests on antique objects needed to be redone after stripping the biological bacteria contamination that accumulates on these old objects such as fibers from the Shroud.
• In 1978 Ken became the official spokesman for the Shroud of Turin Research Project (STURP), the major scientific project to evaluate the Shroud using the most comprehensive scientific techniques available. For a number of years this team of almost fifty American scientists examined the Shroud utilizing the most modern equipment and technologies available to probe its ancient secrets. ... Conference of Research on the Shroud of Turin. ... Ken continues his in depth studies about the Shroud of Turin and remains in close contact with many of the scientists and researchers who are carrying out additional studies about the Shroud. He authored two great books about the Shroud of Turin, The Verdict on the Shroud (1981) and The Shroud and the Controversy (1991) with co-author Gary R. ... Ken has presented the latest discoveries and theories that have been recently developed regarding the origin of the Shroud. This new book, Image of the Risen Christ, will answer your questions about the latest research on the Shroud and assist you in coming to your own determination of the true nature of this ancient burial cloth.
• I am impressed with Ken's balanced and fair evaluation of the evidence both for and against the possibility that the Shroud may be the actual burial garment of Jesus. While rejecting the tendency of a few to elevate the Shroud to an object of faith, Ken understands that, in our increasingly sceptical generation, the latest remarkable scientific and historical evidence about the Shroud of Turin has the capacity to awaken a profound interest in the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ on the part of normally indifferent citizens.
• Kenneth Stevenson provides the most balanced, comprehensive, and in depth analysis of the unfolding scientific and historical evidence that bears on the question of whether or not the Shroud of Turin could actually be the true burial garment of Jesus of Nazareth. ... The Shroud of Turin is controversial. You owe it to yourself to become informed about the fascinating new research that suggests the Shroud may have originated in Israel and may actually date back to the time of Christ.

• Shroud Presentation 1.
• How the Project Started. ... Arrival in Turin, Italy. ... Shroud History. ... Blood on the Shroud. ... Shroud Used As Model For Coinage. ...
• He was a scientist on the team that studied the Shroud of Turin (pronounced teh-REN) at its last public exhibition in 1978. His slide presentation covered the details of their research project from October 9-13, 1978 in Turin, Italy. ...
• He is an expert, in particular with regard to the Shroud of Turin, which was in the news so much the last few years. Tom D’Muhala is President of the Shroud of Turin Research Project (STURP). He will present to us tonight the background on that project: what they did, what they found out, and what it means. ... I will let him fill in more of the details of his background, of how he got involved in this particular project. ...
• HOW THE PROJECT STARTED.
• I got involved in this project totally by accident. ... The science advisor to the Cardinal Archbishop who was the custodian of the Shroud said that there is a church over there that has that stone. ...
• You’ve probably heard a lot about the radiocarbon dating setting the age of Shroud sometime in the medieval times. ...

• term project .
• Includes an explanation of the Human Genome Project. ...
• The writer relies on the original thesis and research of Darwin and Mendell, and bases arguments on the genetic discoveries of Han Brunner, et al. ...
• Utilizes the research in the field to explore the question of whether or not certain facial expressions are universal in their meaning, e. ...
• Is the Shroud of Turin Real? .
• An 11 page paper arguing that the Shroud of Turin very well could be the burial cloth of Jesus. Opponents claim that proponents of the shroud being authentic are guilty of "shroudscience" in which they begin with the desired answer and then seek methods to validate that answer; he apparently is unaware that opponents appear to be most guilty of the practice. Several vocal naysayers claim that carbon dating work in 1988 prove the shroud originates in the 14th century, yet they refuse to discuss the shoddy science that produced that conclusion. ... " The Shroud of Turin looks far more like the burial cloth of Jesus and much less like a medieval hoax. ...
• Arguments defending both the similarities and the differences in the behavioral habits of the Chimpanzee as compared to those of the human species are presented, as well as recent research findings. ...

• Academy of Religion and Psychical Research (ARPR) PO Box 614 Bloomfield, CT 06002 .
• Association for Past-life Research and Therapies (APRT) PO Box 20151 Riverside, CA 92516-0151 (909) 784-1570 .
• American Society for Psychical Research (ASPR) 5 W. ...
• Association for Research and Enlightenment (ARE) 215 67th St. ...
• Awareness Research Foundation (ARF) DeSoto Square 35 Ritter Rd. ...
• Borderland Sciences Research Foundation (BSRF) PO Box 429 Garberville, CA 95440 .
• Fair Witness Project (FWP) 4219 W. ...
• Foundation for Research on the Nature of Man (FRNM) Box 6847, College Station Durham, NC 27708 .
• Fund for UFO Research (FUFOR) PO Box 277 Mt. ...
• Ghost Research Society (GRS) PO Box 205 Oak Lawn, IL 60454 .
• Intercontinental UFO Galactic Spacecraft Research and Analytic Network (ICUFON) 35-40 75th St. ...
• International UFO Museum and Research Center PO Box 2211 Roswell, NM 88202 (505) 625-9495 Museum is located at 400-402 N. ...
• New York Center for UFO Research Michael Luckman Suite #1 134 W. ...
• Parapsychological Association (PA) Box 12236 Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 .
• Project Blue Book (PBB) 506 N. ...
• Project to Research Objects Theories, Extraterrestrials, and Unusual Sightings (PROTEUS) 924 Wheatsheaf Rd. ...

• The Holy Shroud Gift Shop .
• SLIDES, 2" by 2", available from HOLY SHROUD GUILD .
• A - SHROUD EXPOSITION (Turin 1978) .
• A 1 Palace & Cathedral, Turin, Italy .
• A 4 Shroud (frontal image) .
• A 5 Shroud (dorsal image) .
• B 2 Transfer of Shroud to table .
• B 4 Shroud positioned on table .
• C - EXAMINING THE SHROUD IN 1978 .
• F 3 Face of the Man of the Shroud .
• G - ICON - SHROUD - COIN (Whanger) .
• G 1 Shroud Face image .
• G 3 Overlay of Icon on Shroud .
• G 6 Overlay of Coin on Shroud .
• H 2 Pilate coin #1 & Shroud imprint .
• I 2 Photo of Eye Area of Shroud .

•  Reflections on the Shroud .
• Original facial image on Shroud .
• There is something about the face on the Shroud of Turin that is "haunting. " When a friend of mine saw the Shroud in the 1990's, he said he felt as if he were standing in God's presence. ... The Shroud has long held the modern world in suspense concerning its origin. What is it about the Shroud that has people on their seat's edge waiting for evidence of its authenticity? Isn't it because Jesus Christ has been and always will be the single most controverted figure in history? Isn't it because so many have come to Christ through the Shroud? Anyone else's burial cloth would simply not matter as much. From the historical perspective, the earliest documentation of the Shroud in the West is from a 13th century letter. ... This, in itself, was sufficient for some to consider the Shroud an artifact of the period. However, recent investigations show a link between the Shroud and the cloth of Edessa, a linen which had been in the keeping of the Eastern Church until the 13th century. ...
• This tetradiplon fold was applied to a life-sized copy of the Shroud to see what would result. Astonishingly, it reduced the Shroud to the same oblong shape of the Mandylion with the face resulting exactly in the center. More importantly, John Jackson, who was one of several physicists that physically examined the Shroud in 1978, used special raking light photography to reveal ancient fold marks on the Shroud. He found persistent creases exactly where expected and in the correct folding direction for just such a tetradiplon folding, once more linking the Shroud to the Mandylion. The Shroud appeared in the West after the barbarian sack of Constantinople. ...
• This explains why the Shroud's history in the West begins to be documented only in the 13th century, soon after the disappearance of the Mandylion in the East. ... It is a more than reasonable assumption that the Shroud of Turin is the same as the Edessa cloth or Mandylion. ...

•   Benford and Marino discussed Benford's book and the Shroud. ...
•   Benford and Marino discussed the Shroud of Turin and Benford discussed Spontaneous Human Combustion. ...
• BBC TV Documentary "Double Exposure;" also called "Leonardo's Shroud?" in the USA--broadcast on various cable channels in 1992.   Marino was interviewed in this Shroud documentary. ...
•   Benford and Marino discussed the Shroud of Turin.
•   Marino discussed the Shroud and presented a slide lecture presentation.
• Interview with Benford and Marino about Benford's book and the Shroud. ...
•   Interview with Benford and Marino about Benford's book and the Shroud. ...
•   Benford and Marino discussed the Shroud of Turin.
• Interview with Benford and Marino about Benford's new book and the Shroud.
•   Marino discussed the Shroud of Turin.
•   Marino discussed the Shroud of Turin.
•   Marino discussed the Shroud of Turin.
•   Marino discussed the Shroud of Turin.
•   Benford and Marino discussed Benford's book and the Shroud of Turin.
•   Interview with Benford and Marino about Benford's new book and the Shroud of Turin.

•  "Dallas International Conference on the Shroud of Turin, 2001".
• "THE SHROUD IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM".
• Order This Complete Set of 20 Tapes of all 4 Days of These  Historical Presentations on the Shroud of Turin by all 36 Speakers From Around the World for only $99. ...
• William Meacham, C14 Dating of the Shroud--What Needs to be Done. ... Marie-Claire von Oosterwyck-Gastuche, Proof of the UN-Reliability of the C14 Medieval Age Obtained for the Turin Shroud.
• Dame Isabel Piczek, The Importance of Precise Professional Definitions in Shroud Research (Isabel will also read the paper of Dr. William Wolkowski: The Writing on the Shroud: Its Possible Meaning for Physics). & Kevin Moran, Remotely Operated Microscope-Camera System for High Resolution Examination of the Image on the Shroud.
• Walsh, The Radiocarbon Gradient on the Shroud of Turin & the Proposed Explanation. & Mark Antonacci, A Starting Explanation of the Shroud's Body Images, Blood Marks, Coin, Flower and Skeletal Features, other Secondary Features and Carbon Dating Results, along with Scientific Procedures to Test the Explanation.
• John Jackson, Nuclear Radiation and the Shroud: Head Image, &  Paul Maloney, A Curious Feature on the Shroud of Turin and a Proposed Explanation.
• Mario Trematore, Saving the Shroud from the 1997 Fire in the Turin Cathedral & Dr. ...
• Stephen Mattingly, The Role of Human Skin Bacteria in the Formation of Photographic-like Images On Linen with Implication for Shroud of Turin Conservation and a Method to Clean Shroud Linen of Microbial Contamination for Reliable Radiocarbon Dating. & Professor Avinoam Danin, Floristic Indicators for the Origin of the Shroud of Turin.
• Alan Whanger, The Crown of Thorns -- What Does the Shroud Show Us? & Mary Whanger, The Shroud and Related Relics -- A Look at the Evidence.
• Gilbert Lavoie, MD, Forensic Studies of the Blood Marks on the Shroud of Turin.

• THE SHROUD OF TURIN AND THE MYSTERY SURROUNDING ITS AUTHENTICITY.
• On November 24, 1973, the exiled King Umberto, who owned the famous shroud, granted permission to Cardinal Pelligrino to allow a small group of eleven people to examine the relic on close inspection and gather samples for testing. ...
• During the inspection of the cloth, Professor Gilbert Raes of the Ghent Institute of Textile Technology was allowed to collect two samples from the shroud to be examined under an electronic microscope. ...
• According to Gove, the samples taken by Raes showed, "that there were trace amounts of Egyptian cotton present" in the make-up of the shroud. Wilson stated that the samples taken from Frei were found to have traces of pollen from plants indigenous to Israel and Turkey, suggesting that the shroud "must have been exposed to the air in these countries. " Incredibly, Frei stated that there was a real possibility that the shroud originated from the time of Christ. ... It would take much more sophisticated equipment to date the shroud. ...
• In the fall of 1978, a group of scientists formed a team whose main goal was to gather scientific data and perform experiments on the Turin Shroud. The undertaking would later be popularly referred to as STURP or the Shroud of Turin Research Project, Inc. Scientists working on STURP would eventually make history by performing the most detailed investigation ever conducted in the shroud's history.
• Turin's Royal Palace.
• Some of the members of STURP, including a group of 24 scientists from the United States, Switzerland and Italy, gathered together in Turin's Royal Palace in October 1978 to perform a five-day uninterrupted examination of the shroud that had mystified the world for so long. During the investigation the shroud was photographed extensively, x-rayed, unstitched for closer examination and vacuumed for dust and pollen samples. After 120 hours of gathering samples and inspecting the cloth with great scrutiny, the shroud was returned to its place behind the altar in the chapel.
• That same year, world-renowned micro analyst and member of the STURP team, Walter McCrone began examinations on approximately thirty-two particle and fiber samples taken from various portions of the shroud. ... More than half of the samples taken from the shroud, including those from the areas of the body and where there was allegedly blood, were found to have a significant amount of pigment made up of iron oxide and tempera. ...

• New: Discuss the Shroud of Turin at ShroudForum. ...
• The history of the Shroud, beginning 1357 CE, is more certain than its earlier history. ...
• It is the story of Shroud since its first known appearance in Lirey, France up to the present. It is during this period that the Shroud was damaged by fire and subjected to photographic, scientific and historical scrutiny. ...
• Geoffrey II de Charny first displayed the Shroud in a church in Lirey, France, in 1357. In 1389, Bishop Pierre D'Arcis of Troyes charged, in a memorandum to Pope Clement VII, that the Shroud was a forgery. He states that his predecessor, Bishop Henri of Poitiers has determined that the Shroud was a forgery because the image was not mentioned in the Gospels, that an investigation by Bishop Henri showed it to be a cunning painting, and that an unnamed artist had confessed.   No evidence is presented, the forger is not named, and there is no other evidence that Bishop Henri ever investigated the Shroud's authenticity.
• Margaret de Charny, deeded the Shroud to the House of Savoy in 1453. ...
• As a result of Pope Sixtus IV acknowledging his personal belief that the Shroud was the real burial cloth of Jesus, the Savoy family built a special chapel for the Shroud in Chambery, France in 1464.
• In 1532, a fire in the chapel of Chambery Castle, where the Shroud was kept, damaged the Shroud. Molten silver from the reliquary that contained the Shroud, and water used to extinguish the fire, caused permanent damage to the cloth. ... The image on the Shroud was not seriously damaged and the cloth was rewoven and patched by the Poor Clare Nuns. This fire is significant not only for the permanent damage caused to the Shroud but for its effects on modern day scientific investigation. ...
• The Savoys moved the Shroud to Turin, Italy in 1578 so that Cardinal Charles Borromoe, who had decided on a pilgrimage by foot to see the Shroud, would be saved from a journey over the Swiss Alps. Except for being hidden during World War II in the Abbey of Montevergine in Avellino, Italy, the Shroud has remained in Turin.

• Turin Shroud.
• Home Page - Mysteries of History - Turin Shroud - The Quest.
• Faking the Shroud.
• 3-D image of the Turin Shroud.
• As part of their research for a television documentary dealing with scientific controversies concerning the Turin Shroud, Pharo. ...
• One of the most controversial claims concerning the Shroud image is that it contains "3-D information" that allows a picture of the man whose body it wrapped to be reconstructed using nothing more than the image itself. ...
• If true, this is a highly significant characteristic of the Shroud image. ...
• The 3-D claim was first made in 1976 by two physicists, and Shroud enthusiasts, who were working for the United States Air Force, Drs John Jackson and Eric Jumper. ...
• The American Shroud of Turin Research Project (STURP).
• Jackson and Jumper’s claims have gone largely unquestioned, by believers and sceptics alike, and are now part of the accepted facts about the Turin Shroud. ...
• However, in the early 1990s, during their research into the Shroud, Lynn Picknett and Clive Prince decided to test this claim with the assistance of an image analysis expert and modern image processing software. ...
• Scan the images of the face of the man of the Shroud. ...
• Lynn Picknett & Clive Prince, The Turin Shroud: In Whose Image?, paperback, 2000 .
• Ian Wilson, The Blood and the Shroud, paperback, 1999 .
• Ian Wilson & Barrie Schwortz, The Turin Shroud: The Ilustrated Evidence, hardback, 2000 .
• Noel Currer-Briggs, Shroud Mafia, paperback, 1995 .

• Enter Frank Drake, a professor of astronomy and head of the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) project -- the project that looks for evidence of radio waves emanating from distant planets, which might be evidence of life there. ...
• Speaking of screaming, I was about ready to do so when new claims about the Shroud of Turin appeared all over the place (including an AP story in the State Journal-Register, 8/3). ... , show that this thing originated between 1290 and 1390; it doesn’t matter that it didn’t show up anywhere until 1355; it doesn’t matter that there is a letter from Bishop Pierre d'Arcis to Pope Clement VII, in 1389, notes that the shroud is a "clever sleight of hand" and that the person who brought it forward is "falsely declaring and pretending that this was the actual shroud in which our Savior Jesus Christ was enfolded in the tomb" and that he did so "so that money might cunningly be wrung" from the people who would come to see it. I guess all of these dates are just a big coincidence, because somebody found pollen on the shroud. ...
• He said that he studied pollen grains from the shroud, and they point to Jerusalem around the year 800.
• Frei’s tape-lifted samples from the Shroud were controversial from the outset since similar samples taken by the Shroud of Turin Research Project in 1978 had comparatively few pollens. As it turned out, after Frei’s tapes were examined following his death in 1983, they also had very few pollens -- except for a particular one that bore a suspicious cluster on the ‘lead’ (or end), rather than on the portion that had been applied to the shroud. ...
• org/articles/19990806-shroud/ -- I also recommend taking a look at the Skeptic’s Dictionary entry on the shroud: http://skepdic. com/shroud. ...

• Access the Astrology Center of America and learn about the Centaur Research Project. ...
• Rastaban - 21st Century Astrology Presents research on new astrology techniques, including nebulae, satellites, astrotoponimy, and planet maps. ...
• Shroud of Turin and Astrology Apocalyptic-related page contains information on the Shroud of Turin, comets and astrological predictions. ...

• SHROUD OF TURIN-by Barrie M. Schwortz, the official documenting photographer for the Shroud of Turin Research Project- excellent source of research material. ...
• CSST - Council for Study of the Shroud of Turin, study, research, and publish the findings from the Shroud of Turin .
• THE SHROUD OF TURIN-a centuries old linen cloth that bears the image of a crucified man. ...
• THE SHROUD & SCIENCE - Microbiology meets archaeology in a renewed quest for answers.
• SCIENCE ESP RESEARCH .

• Research Engineer for Hercules Inc. ...
• , “Optically Terminated Image Pixels Observed on Frei 1978 Samples” Presented at Shroud of Turin Conference, Richmond, VA, June 18th, 1999. ...
• shroud. ...
• , "Servo X-Y Positioned Examination Table for the Turin Shroud" Presented at 3rd Turin Shroud Conference, Turin, Italy June 6, 1998.
• Shroud of Turin.
• In Pursuit of the Shroud.
• Shroud of Turin.
• Member of Shroud of Turin Research Project (STURP) Organized 1985 Conference in Charlotte, NC.
• Member of Turin Shroud ATLAS Group, Orvieto, Italy Sindone 2000  (Collegamento pro Sindone).

• Bill Evans, Research Assoc. ...
• TIME TRAVELLER: SHROUD OF TURIN UPDATE (3:30).
• The Shroud of Turin, one of Christianity's most mysterious artifacts. ... scientist concerned about laboratory tests being used on the Shroud. ...
• radar research project during World War II. ...

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