The Shroud of Turin: The Most Up-To-Date Analysis of All the Facts Regarding the Church's Controversial Relic Relics: The Shroud of Turin, the True Cross, the Blood of Januarius...History, Mysticism, and the Catholic Church Sacred Blood, Sacred Image : The Sudarium of Oviedo, New Evidence for the Authenticity of the Shroud of Turin The Shroud of Turin: An Adventure of Discovery Second Messiah: Templars, the Turin Shroud and the Great Secret of Freemasonry The Mystery of the Shroud of Turin: New Scientific Evidence The Shroud of Turin: A Case of Authenticity Holy Shroud of Turin Report on the Shroud of Turin

•    In his new and exciting book, written by one of the world's foremost experts on this most intriguing piece of ancient history, Attorney Mark Antonacci documents two decades of studies on the  Shroud of Turin. ... ”   Moreover, in the accompanying proposal he describes a relatively simple series of tests that can be performed on cloth, blood and pollen samples already removed from the Shroud to determine whether particle radiation irradiated the cloth in the 1st century. These tests could serve as an impetus for more extensive tests that would not only refute the Shroud's carbon testing, but would determine whether the dead crucified body wrapped in the cloth was the source of this radiation and whether this event occurred in the 1st century and in the burial tomb of the historical Jesus.
• If you would like to make a donation for future testing of The Shroud of Turin, please feel free to send your donation(tax deductable) to: .
• Resurrection of The Shroud Foundation.
• (Resurrection of The Shroud Foundation is a 501(c)(3) "Not-For-Profit" corporation. ...

• Pulse aquí para versión en español de esta página The Shroud of Turin is a centuries old linen cloth that bears the image of a crucified man. ... Is it really the cloth that wrapped his crucified body, or is it simply a medieval forgery, a hoax perpetrated by some clever artist? Modern science has completed hundreds of thousands of hours of detailed study and intense research on the Shroud. ... We believe that if you have access to the facts, you can make up your own mind about the Shroud. Make sure you visit the page where you can Examine the Shroud of Turin for yourself. ...

• Shroud of Turin.
•   The Christ image is a photograph taken by Barrie Schwortz during his 1978 Shroud of Turin Research Project (STURP). ...
• Shroud Guidance.
• The idea to teach a class about the Shroud came to me. Since I didn’t know much about the Shroud I went on the internet and found the site Shroud. ... Max Frei who was a Swiss criminologist who took sticky tape samples off of the Shroud cloth. ...
• I wrote to the author of the Shroud web site (Barrie Schwortz) and told him how strange that a criminologist would be working on such an important historical religious artifact. ... He was the documenting photographer for the Shroud of Turin Research Project (STURP) which conducted the first scientific studies on the Shroud in 1978. ...
• In my quest to learn about the Shroud I became friends with Mr. ... Schwortz if I could use his photograph to create a Shroud shrine out of a rhea egg (bird from South America). ...   The image provided was a dark black and white image and I needed something in the warm gold tones closer to the actual colors of the Shroud cloth. ...
• Schwortz called me and liked what I had done and told me to go ahead and use the image I color enhanced for the Shroud egg. ...
• In meditation I asked to see a design for the Shroud egg. ...
• Then I had to learn about the flower pollen samples found on the Shroud so I could include the right flowers in the egg. I had fun learning about the various flower types from a book titled “Flora of the Shroud of Turin”, by Avinoam Danin, Alan D. ... The other amazing thing is that scientists know this flower was placed on the Shroud cloth in the spring because of the blossoms that are imprinted on the fabric. ...

• > Yithian > Science > Science in Society > Skeptical Inquiry > Shroud of Turin .
•  The Shroud of Turin.
• Shroud of Turin .
• Skeptic's Dictionary entry argues that the shroud is a 14th century artifact.
• com/shroud. ...
• Shroud of Turin Research .
• org/Shroud. ...
• The Shroud of Turin .
• com/player2000gi/turin. ...

• ZetaTalk: Shroud of Turin.
• The current shroud of Turin is a well concocted fake, done by chemists in the late 1950's. ...

•   The most complete CD-ROM investigating the mystery of the Shroud of Turin, is now available in English, Spanish and French, and published under the title : « The Mandylion, a 2000-year-old Enigma  »  .
• François Gazay announces his completion of the most complete CD-ROM on the Shroud of Turin, available in English as well as French and Spanish. This fascinating investigation on the mystery of the Shroud of Turin explores the historical and physical evidence surrounding the disappearance of a man, and the strange imprint he left behind. ...
•   In several Mediterranean countries, this term is frequently used in place of the «  Shroud of Turin  ». ...   « After 10 years of on-site research on the official and secret travels of the Shroud, in Greece, Cyprus, Istanbul, the Middle East, France and Italy, François Gazay notes that the name « The Mandylion » is frequently used in documents relating to this object. ...
• A Turin Shroud CD-ROM to « surf on » the enigma or to « go into » the subject  .
• This Turin Shroud CD-ROM includes a complete 2-hour multimedia investigation. ...
• The user will find in this Turin Shroud CD-ROM a link secured by password to access our Website in order to acquire the latest and most impartial information on the subject. ...
• The Unit Price of your Turin Shroud CD-ROM is   59 USD   including shipping and handling charges.

• The true image of the Face of our Lord Jesus Christ as it is imprinted in the shroud of Turin. ...

• Shroud of Turin Image Project.
• They will be discussing the DelaWarr images in reference to the image on the Shroud of Turin. ... From here they will compare and contrast the chemical and physical characteristics of the cloth in relationship to tests on the Shroud. ...
• Indicate the donation is for the "Shroud of Turin Image Project" in the memo line. ...

• The Holy Shroud of Turin.
• There has been a lot of controversy about the shroud.
• The following pictures are enhancements of the shroud. ...
• I do believe to think that the Shroud of Turin is real and that it is much older than what we have been told.
• The face of one mummy in particular looks a lot like the face on this shroud.
• A kind of flower has been detected on both the Shroud and the face cloth. ...
• Key facts about Turin Shroud.
• TURIN, May 24 (Reuters) - Pope John Paul on Sunday prayed before the Turin Shroud, an ancient linen sheet revered by some Christians as the burial cloth that wrapped Christ's body after his crucifixion. ...
• WHAT IS IT? The Turin Shroud is a fragile, yellowing linen cloth measuring 4. ...
• WHY IS IT CALLED THE TURIN SHROUD? The Shroud, which some Christians believe is nearly 2,000 years old, is believed to have been brought to France from the Middle East during the five crusades in around 1356. ...
• The House of Savoy, Italy's former royal family, took it to its seat in the northwest city of Turin in 1578 and ex-king Umberto II bequeathed it to Pope John Paul in 1983. ...
• WHERE IS IT KEPT? The Turin Shroud is kept in a silver casket that was housed in the Guarini Chapel of Turin's cathedral, or Duomo, and later behind the high altar. ...
• This is only the fourth time this century the Shroud has gone on show to the public. ...
• It was displayed in 1931 and 1933, and some three million people saw it when it was last brought out in 1978 to mark the 400th anniversary of its arrival in Turin. ...
• WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE?: The first thing anyone looking at the Shroud sees are triangular patches added after a fire in 1532, water marks and stains. ...
• IS IT GENUINE? The most controversial analysis of the Shroud's authenticity was carried out in 1988 when scientists in Oxford, Zurich and Tucson, Arizona, conducted carbon-dating tests. ...

• The Shroud of Turin.
• Artist: Richard Shand The image on the Shroud of Turin has been the model and inspiration for many Medieval artists in their depictions of Christ. ...

• The Templars and the Shroud of Turin.
• Any discussion of the Shroud of Turin is bound to be controversial. ...
• It is not the intention of this web site to cast doubt on or support the authenticity of the shroud, but rather to show its possible relationship to the Knights Templar. ...
• There are two theories that relate to the Templars having been involved with the Shroud, one, which would support the authenticity of the Shroud and another, which would refute it.
• Among them were the Knights Templar, whom some scholars contend took the Burial shroud of Jesus from the city. To support this theory, author Ian Wilson who wrote the book "The Shroud of Turin: Burial Cloth Of Jesus?" makes the claim that the head that the Templars were accused of worshipping was none other than that of Jesus. His belief is that the Shroud when folded depicted the head of Christ and was referred to as the "Mandylion. ...
• The authors theorize that the image on the Shroud of Turin is in fact that of the last Grand Master of the order, Jacques de Molay, who was tortured some months before his execution in 1307. The image on the shroud certainly does fit the description of De Molay as depicted in medieval wood cuts, a long nose, hair shoulder length and parted in the center, a full beard that forked at its base, not to mention the six-foot frame. ...
• Knight and Lomas claim that the shroud figured in the Templars rituals of figurative resurrection and that DeMolay's tortured body was wrapped in a shroud, which the Templars kept after his death. Lomas and Knight further believe that lactic acid and blood from DeMolay's tortured body mixed with frankincense (used to whiten the cloth) etching his image into the shroud. ...
• When the shroud was first put on display in 1357 (50 years after the disbanding of the order) by the family of Geoffrey de Charney who was also burned at the stake with De Molay, the first people viewing the shroud recognized the image to be that of Christ.
• Today it is commonly believed by many, through carbon dating, that the shroud dates to the late 13th century and not to the date of Christ's supposed crucifixion. ...
• "Carbon dating has conclusively shown that the Shroud of Turin dates from between 1260 and 1380, precisely as we would expect if it were the image of Jacques de Molay. ... Through experimentation, we know that the figure on the Shroud was on a soft bed of some kind, which strongly suggests that the victim was not dead and was expected to recover. ...
• Lynn Picknet and Clive Prince, authors of "Turin Shroud: In Whose Image?" present another theory of interest on the matter. ... " In the authors' earlier book the duo claim that Leonardo Da Vinci who created an early photographic technique manufactured the image on the shroud of Turin.

• The Shroud of Turin.
• John the Baptist in Turin, Italy, a fireproof box contains a burial shroud wrapped in red velvet. ... With the immeasurable years of research that have been done on the Shroud of Turin, it is certain that nothing will be resolved on this simple web page. A timeline for the Shroud is presented, but facts from this timeline have come from many different sources and researchers. These facts have been combined in a logical manner that can provide one possible scenario for the Shroud of Turin. ...
• - Sometime in the sixth century, the Shroud was discovered, having been sealed for years in a niche above the city's gate. ...
• Braulio of Seville, Spain, wrote of the Shroud as a well-known relic of the day. ...
• Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai is painted that so accurately reflects the facial contours of the man on the Shroud of Turin that Dr. ...
• - A Byzantine army was sent to recover the Shroud from the city of Edessa and transport it to Constantinople. ...
• - Hungarian Prayer Manuscripts were illustrated with drawings of a naked figure of Christ, being folded into the burial cloth in the manner that mimics the figure in the Shroud of Turin. ...
• - A written account of the full burial shroud was given by a Greek, Nicholas Mesarites, who was the Keeper of the emperor's relic collection in the Pharos chapel of Boucoleon Palace in Constantinople. ...
• - Geoffroy de Charny of the Knights Templer purportedly presented the Shroud to the Dean of the Lirey Abbey. ...
• - The Charny family resumed charge of the Shroud, where it remained until 1389. ...
• - Pilgrims made a holy pilgrimage to view the Shroud, which was placed on view by the canons of Lirey. ...
• - The Shroud was put on public display once again. ...
• - The Shroud was ceded to the Duke Louis of Savoy, in whose family the shroud remained until 1983. ...

• 3821 6 pt 6 pt 0 3 Debunking the Shroud of Turin :.
• “Shroud Science”.
•   The Shroud of Turin, which is a religious icon that brings faith to many believers around the world, epitomizes the clash of science and religion as its authenticity has been hotly debated. ...
• The first historical evidence of the Shroud of Turin dates back to 1389, where it is first written about in a letter from the bishop of Troyes, France to Pope Clement VII.   The bishop complains of a piece of linen, approximately 14 feet long and 3 feet wide with the front and back images of a crucified man, being falsely displayed in the village of Lirey since the year 1355 as the true burial shroud of Christ. ...   In a time when forgery of relics was common due to the great money brought in by pilgrimages, the shroud was determined to be a hoax for monetary gain.   Pope Clement VII permitted the continued exhibition of the shroud with the stipulation that an announcement was continually made which denounced the authenticity of the shroud as Christ’s burial cloth, referring to it as an artist’s rendition of the crucifixion. ...
• The shroud arrived in Turin, Italy in 1578 after narrowly escaping a fire in 1532. ...   However, it was during the 1898 exhibit that the so-called mystery of the Shroud of Turin was resurrected and introduced to the scientific community.   It was here that the first photographs of the shroud were taken by Secondo Pia, revealing a much clearer negative of a man.   Since then, numerous “scientific” investigations have taken place in order to verify, or disprove, the authenticity of the Shroud of Turin.   Most notably, in 1978, the Shroud of Turin Research Project(STURP) was organized to determine the cause of the image, and thus its authenticity.   The STURP group concluded that the shroud was in fact the burial cloth of Jesus, based on supposed evidence which will be presented in subsequent sections.   However, it is important, or rather essential, to note that with the exception of one or two researchers, all of the scientists involved joined the project with a preconceived belief in the authenticity of the Shroud of Turin.   Most recently, the Shroud of Turin was again rescued from a fire in 1997 before being placed on exhibit in the years 1998 and 2000, again leading to a surge in pro-authenticity propaganda. ...
• Radiocarbon Dating:     Three samples taken from the Shroud of Turin were sent to three independent laboratories which are leaders in the use of radiocarbon dating, including:  Zurich, Switzerland; Oxford, England; and Tucson, Arizona. ...   All three laboratories dated the shroud between 1260 and 1390 A. ... , thirteen centuries after Jesus and corresponding with the shroud’s first appearance in historical documentation.   Not surprisingly, this dating outraged many proponents for the authenticity of the Shroud of Turin, causing many accusations to be made in an attempt to discredit what usually is considered a definitive scientific methodology.   First, advocates claimed that the samples which were dated came from portions of the shroud which had been patched following the fires, thus throwing off the dates. ...   Another assertion presented by proponents of the shroud was concerned with contamination of the linen used in the dating, which would result in inaccurate dates.   Specifically, researchers Stephen Mattingly and Leoncio Garza-Valdez claimed to have found microbes on the Shroud which formed a biogenic plastic coating over the fibers.    However, through simple calculations it has demonstrated that in order for the dating of the Shroud to be skewed by thirteen centuries, there would have to be an amount of contamination two-times the weight of the shroud itself. ...

•   Another relic of Christianity that has been associated with the Shroud of Turin is the Sudarium of Oviedo. ... According to legend, the Sudarium was the facial covering that lay on Jesus' face under the shroud after crucifixion. ... Webster's mistakenly notes it as "Veronica's Veil", which is an entirely different object and considered by some to be the source for the Shroud's artist. ...
• Like the shroud, blood was found along with fluid from the lungs. How this survived unchanged for two millennia isn't addressed, but at least there is no fire to eliminate all proteins, as there was with the Shroud. ...
•   Connecting the Sudarium with the Shroud has been of considerable importance from an historical standpoint. ... Alan Whanger, using his PIOT imaging method, discovering 70 places where the stains on the cloth matched with those of the Shroud. ...
• One would believe that, if the image appeared on the Shroud, it would appear on the cloth covering the face under the Shroud. ...
• 1 Ian Wilson "The Mysterious Shroud" (1986).
• 2 Mark Guscin The Sudarium of Oviedo: Its History and Relationship to the Shroud of Turin.

• TURIN SHROUD CENTER of Colorado.
• duplication is not permitted without the Written permission of Turin Shroud Center of Colorado.

• The Shroud of Turin.
• The Shroud Of Turin.
• The Shroud of Turin is one of the most venerated, most remarkable, most mysterious, most thoroughly studied artifacts in the world today. Believed by many to be the actual burial cloth of Christ, the Shroud made its first recorded appearance in 14th century France. Housed in the Italian city of Turin since 1578, renewed interest was generated in 1898 when the first photographs were made of the relic and it was discovered that the image on the Shroud was a photographic negative! How was such an image made? And how does one explain the incredibly life-like details which are remarkably consistent with Biblical accounts of Christ's crucifixion? Historians, pathologists, linguists, biblical scholars, textile experts, chemists, physicists, photographic specialists, artists, botanists, microbiologists and other scientists from around the world have been trying to answer these important questions for decades.
• In the case of the Shroud of Turin, it has been publicly declared a forgery by both Roman Catholic Church officials and prominent scientists. In 1389 the local bishop of Troyes denounced the Shroud claiming an artist had confessed to forging it. More recently, in 1988, after three different laboratories Carbon-14 dated the Shroud and found it to be some 1200 years younger than it should have been, the Roman Catholic Church announced to the world the results of the test. As word spread that the Shroud of Turin was, after all, a medieval forgery, a firestorm was created in the Shroud community. While scores of Shroud scientists hotly challenged the entire Carbon-14 testing procedure, as well as the test results, lay people around the world had to wrestle with what appeared to be solid scientific proof that the Shroud was a fake. ...
• So where are things at now? Is the Shroud of Turin authentic, or not? Could a medieval artist, or for that matter, any artist, have forged it? And if the Shroud is an authentic burial cloth from the first century, is the man whose crucified image appears on the Shroud actually that of Jesus Christ?.
• Combining ongoing discoveries about ancient Palestine with cutting-edge scientific analysis, a growing number of scientists (Christian, Jewish, agnostic and otherwise) are coming to the conclusion that the Shroud is indeed the actual burial cloth of Jesus Christ. If this is true, then not only does the Shroud bear witness to the fact that a man named Jesus actually lived and died in ancient Palestine, but it may also present physical proof that some kind of miraculous event took place after his death which caused his image to be imprinted on the Shroud! What's more, we may also be able to learn something about Jesus himself: What his physical characteristics were like, what kind of Jewish traditions he adhered to and rejected, how he, and his body, faced a horribly violent death.
• So what, exactly, do we know about the Shroud of Turin? Here are some of the astonishing findings that modern day science has uncovered so far:.
• The body that appears on the Shroud is naked. ...
• The man that appears on the Shroud was crucified with nails driven through his wrists. ...

• The Shroud of Turin.
• The Shroud of Turin is considered by many to be the burial cloth of Jesus after He was Crucified. ...
• The Shroud of Turin is definitely very old. ... In 1578, it was placed in the Cathedral of Turin, Italy, where it remains (and where it received its popular name).
• The Shroud is a piece of linen cloth 14'3" long by 3'7" wide. ...
• If a single sheet, such as the Shroud of Turin was used as the burial cloth, how could they have applied such a great amount of spices? Jewish custom did not involve using a single cloth, but rather a number of long strips of linen that were tightly wrapped many times around the body. ...
• The Shroud of Turin contradicts each of these known facts. ... The Shroud of Turin is apparently not as physically rigid as the burial clothes of Jesus had to have been. ...
• The other great reason why the Shroud of Turin could not actually be the burial cloth of Jesus has to do with DNA. ... In addition to the factual arguments presented above, this consideration adds another reason why the Shroud of Turin cannot actually be the burial cloth of Jesus.
• Until some day when science can figure out how such an image could appear on it, and possibly duplicate the appearance, we will all remain mystified by the Shroud of Turin. ...

• SHROUD OF TURIN.
• It is the belief of the writer of this page that this shroud is not the shroud of Jesus. ...
• shroud. ...
• gov/ er/seh/shroud. ...
• shroud. ...
• shroud. ...

• Shroud of Turin.
• The Shroud of Turin is a Fake! The first recorded evidence of the Shroud of Turin is in 1357 AD in France; far removed from the time of Christ. Joe Nickell in his book Inquest into the Shroud of Turin, tells about a bishop's report to Pope Clement that told how the cloth was used in a healing scam to defraud pilgrims, and its image had been "cunningly painted" by a confessed artist. ...
• Secondly, In 1973 forensic tests for blood on the Shroud of Turin turned up negative. ...
• Thirdly, after analyzing samples from the Shroud microanalyst Walter McCrone discovered that both image and so called blood areas had been painted by an artist using a red ocher and vermilion tempera paint. There are pictures of this at his web site, see Latest Shroud Update. ...
• Fourthly, in 1978 examinations were done by STURP (Shroud of Turin Research Project). ...
• Fifthly, In 1988 samples of  the Shroud were radiocarbon dated by three independent labs which dated the Shroud between 1360 and 1390 AD. ... The Archbishop of Turin, Cardinal Giovanni Saldarini, has publicly challenged the sample's authenticity, and he says that he and the Vatican "declare that they cannot recognize the results of the claimed experiments. " Walter McCrone, who has "examined thousands of fibers from 32 different areas of the 'Shroud,'" contends that the fibers shown in the team's photomicrographs "did not come from the 'Shroud' of Turin. " (For more details see New "Shroud" Claims Challenged as Spurious.
• Anyone who has touched the shroud, cried over it, or a hair has fallen on it, can leave traces of human DNA on the shroud. ...
• Garza-Valdez also claimed that a microbial coating on the shroud altered the radiocarbon date. ...
• It has been claimed by Max Frei-Sulzer that he has found pollen on the shroud that only comes from Palestine. ...
• A retired psychiatrist, Alan Whanger and his wife have claimed to see all sorts of amazing things in the shroud like plant images, Roman coins, nails, a hammer, pliers, two scourges, two brush brooms, coil of rope, a cloak with a belt, sandals, Roman dice and much more. ...
• The shroud is one cloth with no marks of being wound. ... " There was a napkin around Jesus' head, not a one piece shroud. ...

• The Shroud of Turin.
• LOUIS (AP) -August 5, 1999: The Shroud of Turin is much older than some scientists believe, according to researchers who used pollen and plant images to conclude it dates from Jerusalem before the eighth century. The study gives a boost to those who believe the shroud is the burial cloth of Jesus and contradicts a 1988 examination by scientists who said the shroud was made between 1260 and 1390. The earlier study also indicated the shroud came from Europe rather than the Holy Land. ``We have identified by images and by pollen grains species on the shroud restricted to the vicinity of Jerusalem,'' botany professor Avinoam Danin of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem said Monday during the International Botanical Congress here. ``The sayings that the shroud is from European origin can't hold. ''  The Shroud of Turin is a linen about 13 feet long and 3 feet wide that has been kept in the city of Turin, Italy, since 1578. The shroud bears the image of a man with wounds similar to those suffered by Jesus. ... '' The shroud also contains pollen grains and faint images of plants. ... Since the Sudarium of Oviedo has resided in the Cathedral of Oviedo in Spain since the eighth century, Danin said that the matchup of pollen grains pushes the shroud's date to a similar age. ... ``The pollen association and the similarities in the blood stains in the two cloths provide clear evidence that the shroud originated before the eighth century,'' Danin said. ... If it is found that the two cloths are linked, then the shroud could be even older, Danin said.

• THE SHROUD OF TURIN.
• The Shroud of Turin.
• This included careful inspection of thousands of linen fibers from 32 different areas (Shroud and sample points), characterization of the only colored image-forming particles by color, refractive indices, polarized light microscopy, size, shape, and microchemical tests for iron, mercury, and body fluids. ...
• A weight of 20th century carbon equaling nearly two times the weight of the Shroud carbon itself would be required to change a 1st century date to the 14th century (see Carbon 14 graph). ...
• The "Shroud" is a beautiful painting created about 1355 for a new church in need of a pilgrim-attracting relic.
• Vinland Map / Shroud Update Page.
• Latest Shroud Update.

• The Shroud of Turin on Mars .
•   Turns out that the same scientists that "discovered" the "Face on Mars" worked extensively on the 1978 Shroud of Turin Research Project (STURP).   These scientist were responsible for taking precise images of the shroud as well as processing the digital pictures received from the Viking space craft that first imaged the now famous "Face on Mars". ...
•   The first set of images here are from the original 1970's Viking frame 70A13 and an image of the face found on the Shroud of Turin. ...
•     The next set of images compares the latest high resolution images of the face on Mars taken with the Mars Orbital Camera in April of 1998 with a recent three-D version of the face on the Shroud of Turin. ...
•     What does this mean?  Nothing more than that the "Face on Mars" resembles the face on the Shroud of Turin. ...

• Shroud of Turin (Part 1) FR. ...
• Recently, several parishes have hosted talks on the Shroud of Turin. ...
• Many of the faithful sincerely believe that the Shroud of Turin is the actual burial cloth of our Lord, Jesus Christ. Without declaring its authenticity, Pope John Paul II has clearly attested to the value of the Shroud. For instance, in 1980, the Holy Father stated, "The Holy Shroud, the most splendid relic of the passion and the resurrection. " Almost ten years later, in April 1989, he was asked by reporters during an in-flight press conference on the way to Madagascar about the Shroud, and he responded, "It certainly is a relic. " Again, almost ten years later, when asked if the Shroud was genuine, the Pope said, I think it is. ... The Holy Father has visited the Shroud both in 1978 and most recently this past June 1998. ...
• His predecessors have also viewed the Shroud favorably. Pope Pius XII stated, A precious treasure, the Holy Shroud, which displays, both to move and comfort us, the image of the lifeless body and tortured face of Christ. ...
• However, to believe that the Shroud is the actual burial cloth of the Lord is not a matter of faith. ... As Cardinal Saldarini of Turin stated, "It’s not Christ, but something that brings us back to him. Salvation is not in the Shroud, even if it truly wrapped the martyred body of Jesus, even if it was mysteriously given by God to His Church. ...
• Nevertheless, the Church has been the official guardian of the Shroud for the House of Savoy, the former ruling family of Italy. In 1983, the Savoy family willed the Shroud to the Holy Father with the Archbishop of Turin serving as the Pontifical Guardian for the Conservation and Veneration of the Holy Shroud. ...
• Part of the uncertainty as to the authenticity of the Shroud arises from its historical record. Of course, the Shroud is believed to be the burial cloth used by Joseph of Arimathaea to wrap the body of Jesus for burial. Documentation shows that the Shroud indeed was displayed in the cities of Jerusalem, Edessa (500) and Constantinople (1092). King Louis VII of France venerated the shroud in Constantinople in 1147. In August 1203, Robert de Clari, a French crusader, reported seeing the Shroud in Constantinople. Although some gaps appear in its historical whereabouts, the Shroud has maintained a consistent presence. ...

• 95 The Shroud of Turin.
• LOUIS (AP) -August 5, 1999: The Shroud of Turin is much older than some scientists believe, according to researchers who used pollen and plant images to conclude it dates from Jerusalem before the eighth century. The study gives a boost to those who believe the shroud is the burial cloth of Jesus and contradicts a 1988 examination by scientists who said the shroud was made between 1260 and 1390. The earlier study also indicated the shroud came from Europe rather than the Holy Land. ``We have identified by images and by pollen grains species on the shroud restricted to the vicinity of Jerusalem,'' botany professor Avinoam Danin of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem said Monday during the International Botanical Congress here. ``The sayings that the shroud is from European origin can't hold. ''  The Shroud of Turin is a linen about 13 feet long and 3 feet wide that has been kept in the city of Turin, Italy, since 1578. The shroud bears the image of a man with wounds similar to those suffered by Jesus. ... '' The shroud also contains pollen grains and faint images of plants. ... Since the Sudarium of Oviedo has resided in the Cathedral of Oviedo in Spain since the eighth century, Danin said that the matchup of pollen grains pushes the shroud's date to a similar age. ... ``The pollen association and the similarities in the blood stains in the two cloths provide clear evidence that the shroud originated before the eighth century,'' Danin said. ... If it is found that the two cloths are linked, then the shroud could be even older, Danin said.

• A Comment on the Shroud of Turin.
• My students asked me about how I felt about such things as the Shroud of Turin and other "miracles. ...
• The Shroud of Turin is a piece of fabric claimed to be the burial shroud of Jesus of Nazareth. ...
• The fabric of the shroud would have to be about 2000 years old to be authentic, and carbon dating is one way that its age can be assessed scientifically. ... Thus, fabric that is merely 1800 years old (in other words, a fraud) by carbon dating could measure as 2000 years old (appearing old enough to be genuine) in a single test of a small amount of shroud material. ...
• The "blood" stains and so on forming the image on the shroud could be tested for the presence of typical blood components and verified or rejected as blood. ... The location and amount of blood or other body fluid remains on the shroud might tell us that a person wrapped in the shroud was wounded in a way consistent with the wounds on Jesus' body as recorded in the Bible. ...
• In fact, if enough DNA were left from some white blood cell remains on the shroud, PCR analysis of those fragments could generate a DNA "fingerprint" that could normally be used to identify the source of the blood. But what would be the comparison? Does anyone have an authentic piece of DNA from Jesus of Nazareth to prepare the "control" fingerprint and compare with the fingerprint of the shroud's DNA? No, so that's the end of the investigation from a science point of view. ... Even if we had a severed body part (or even the whole body) inside the shroud, we could never determine that it was Jesus' from a science point of view. ...
• The investigation into the shroud is interesting and there is indeed a very good chance that some kind of analysis could show it to be a fraud. Failing to demonstrate a fraud on the points of evidence, however, we can never show with the rigor of science that this shroud wrapped the body of Jesus of Nazareth. ...
• We lack the necessary authentic piece of Jesus to arrive at solid evidence about the owner of the blood on the shroud. ...
• The answer to the question of who was wrapped in the shroud is thus a matter of faith. ...

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