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• Jewish holiday.
• (Redirected from Jewish holidays) .
• The Jewish calendar has a number of festival days, fast days and days of remembrance, collectively known as Jewish holidays. ...
• The denominations of Reconstructionist Judaism and Reform Judaism generally regard Jewish laws (halakha) relating to all these holidays as important, but no longer binding. ...
• According to Jewish legend, the creation of the world was finished on Tishri 1. ...
• However, with the rise of Christmas as the biggest holiday in the Western world and the establishment of the modern state of Israel, this holiday began to increasingly served both as a celebration of Israel's struggle for survival and more importantly, as a December family gift giving holiday which could be a Jewish substitute for the Christian one. ...
• Yom Yerushalayim marks the reunification of Jerusalem and The Temple Mount under Jewish rule almost 1900 years after the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem. ...
• In Conservative Judaism, the Rabbinical Assembly's Committee on Jewish Law and Standards has issued several responsa (legal rulings) which hold that the prohibitions against weddings in this timeframe are deeply held traditions, but should not be construed as binding law. Thus, Conservative Jewish practice would allow weddings during this time, except on the 9th of Av itself. Reform Judaism and Reconstructionist Judaism hold that halakha (Jewish law) is no longer binding, so weddings may be held on any of these days. ...
• The Jewish expulsion from Spain in 1492 also occurred on this day. ...
• While the Sabbath is not considered a holiday as such by some other cultures and religions, Jewish law accords Shabbat the status of a holiday. Jewish people celebrate a Shabbat, a day of rest, on the seventh day of the week. Jewish law defines one day ending at nightfall, which is when the next day then begins. ...
• In many ways, halakha (Jewish law) gives Shabbat the status of being the most important holy day in the Jewish calendar. ...
• The Torah reading for the Sabbath has more parshiot (Torah readings) than Yom Kippor, the most of any Jewish holiday. ...

• Steve Cokely is a conspiracy theorist from Chicago who gained notoriety in the late 1980s when he said that Jewish doctors had injected black babies with HIV. ...

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• The Roman historian, Pliny the elder, writing before the first Jewish revolt also referred to this region as Palestine, though at the time that he wrote none of the official Roman names for regions in this area was "Palestine", and in this sense the name was no longer used. The name Palestine was officially reintroduced by the Romans following the second Jewish revolt of Bar Kokhba of 132-135 A. ...
• This came at a time of renewed interest in the country among the European powers, Arab nationalists, and Jewish Zionists, who sought to reestablish their ancient homeland there. ... The Zionists demanded an independent homeland to absorb the Jewish refugees from Europe; the local Arab population, called Palestinians, argued that they played no role in the Holocaust, so the refugee problem should not be resolved at their expense. ...
• On November 29, 1947, the United Nations voted to partition what remained of the British Mandate of Palestine into two states: one Jewish, and one Arab. ... On May 14, 1948, the Jewish population declared its independence as the state of Israel. ...
• However, despite the absence of written history, the genetic evidence, and the physical appearance of Palestinians (who look Jewish) supports the claim that the Palestinians are mostly the same people as always were there. ...
• Being a major center for Jewish religious life (for instance it was where the Mishnah and the Palestinian Talmud were written), it has been the aim of numerous Jewish travellers from all over the Jewish world to visit there. ... Mentions of Jerusalem and the "Holy Land" were a major part of everyday Jewish rite; they were therefore never fully forgotten by the Jews. ...
• Most regard the collapse of the Israelite kingdoms as the beginning of the Jewish Diaspora. ...
• One group of note (that exists up until this day) were the Samaritans, who adhered to most features of the Jewish rite and claimed to be descendants of the Assyrian Jews; they were not recognized as Jews by the returning exiles for various reasons (at least some of which seem to be political). The return of the exiles from Babylon reinforced the Jewish population, which gradually became more dominant and expanded significantly. ...
• Under the Romans the territory of Palestine was in nearly constant revolt, and a number of events with far-reaching consequences took place, including the founding of Christianity, the destruction of the Jewish temple in Jerusalem by the Roman army and mass suicide of Zealots in 66-70, and the sacking of the entire city of Jerusalem by the Romans in 132. (Some sources mark the failed Jewish revolts as the beginning of the Diaspora). ...
• In addition to the large Jewish community in Babylon, large numbers of Jews settled in Egypt, and in other parts of the Hellenistic world and in the Roman Empire. ...
• The frequent conflict contributed to Jewish emigration, both as refugees, through deportation, and by reducing economic opportunities in the region compared to elsewhere. It also led to many deaths among the Jewish population of Palestine, both deaths in battles with the Romans and others, deaths due to massacres, and deaths due to the famine and disease that so often accompany armed conflict. ...

• The area to the west of the Jordan became the center of Zionist aspirations for a Jewish homeland or state, and gradually saw a large influx of Jewish immigrants escaping persecution in Europe. ...
• Under the uncompromising leadership Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, the local Arabs rebelled against the British and attacked the growing Jewish population many times during the Mandate. ... In 1929, the Jewish community of Hebron was attacked and driven out with the loss of 60 lives. An increase in Jewish immigration following the rise of Adolf Hitler led to the so-called Great Uprising from 1936 to 1939, when Arab general strikes and riots targeted both the British and the Jews now living in the country. ...
• These attacks had three lasting effects: First, they led to the formation and development of Jewish underground militias, primarily the Haganah, which were to prove decisive in 1948. ...
• This severely restricted Jewish immigration, but the advent of World War II meant that even the reduced immigration quota was not reached. The White Paper policy radicalized the Jewish population, and after the war, they would no longer cooperate with the British. ...
• On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly approved a plan which partitioned the British Mandate of Palestine into two states: one Jewish and one Arab. ... The Jewish population largely welcomed the plan, but the Arab leadership and some Jewish opposition groups rejected it. ...
• The Arabs concentrated their efforts on cutting off roads to Jewish towns and Jewish neighborhoods in areas mixed populations. ...
• Three weeks later the first Arab irregulars arrived and the Arab leadership began to organize Palestinians in order to wage guerrilla war against the Jewish forces. ... In January and February, Arab irregular forces attacked Jewish communities in northern Palestine but achieved no substantial successes. ...
• Jewish forces proved to be militarily stronger than the Arabs expected, and by May their forces were were counterattacking Arab towns and villages, especially those controlling roads to isolated Jewish populations. ...
• To lift the siege, the Jewish forces (guided by the American Army Colonel David (Mickey) Marcus) constructed the Burma Road (named for the road built by the Allies from Burma to China during World War II), a make-shift winding road through the difficult mountains to Jerusalem. The Burma Road allowed the Jewish forces to relieve the Arab siege on June 9, just days before the United Nations negotiated a cease-fire. ...
• Nevertheless, the Transjordanian army refrained from attacking the designated Jewish areas of Palestine in the ensuing war. ...

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• Talk:Timeline of Jewish history.
• (Redirected from Talk:Jewish history timeline) .
• 7 Poland, Catholic Church, the Pope & Jewish history.
• Vis a vis Holocaust, has that erased from history Yiddish culture? The Bund? Dubnow? Jewish Autonomists? Are Zionism and various American religious variations the only expressions of Jewish culture worth documenting? .
• Jewish settlement in New Amsterdam, Brazil, etc. ...
• There were periods of mass forced conversion, yet though they were forced and the conversions were a matter of political expediency, the conversos were not allowed to return to the Jewish religion under pain of death. At the time, conversos formed a distinct class in Spanish society, constantly under suspicion, constantly under threat from any rival, who would claim that they secretly practice Jewish rituals and denounce them to the Inquisition, whether the allegations were true or not. ... There is even some evidence that Torquemada's grandmother was Jewish--want some insight into his attacks on Jews? Furthermore, not all Jews left Spain. ... In Brazil, the Recife inquisition was so bad that the Jews moved north, all the way to New York, where they established what is now the biggest Jewish community in the world. ...
• If you want discriminatory measures, go with Nuremberg (I am ignoring the shop boycott of '33); if you want violence and death, about 100 Jews were killed in Kristallnacht (or did they not die in the Holocaust); if you want the attack on the largest Jewish community, go with the start of World War II or the Ghetto decree; If you want the formal decision on a final solution, go with Wannsee. ...
• After all, depending on what I know Danny will observe is an idelogical position, Jewish history stretches over 4000 years. ...
• Like you say, history is a complex subject--Jewish history is especially complex because of its length and the personal attachment so many people feel toward it. ...
• ) My proposal has two implications: first, that we should try to make an entry for any and all articles bearing on Jewish history. ...
• Poland, Catholic Church, the Pope & Jewish history .
• He recalls his Jewish neighbours from Wadowice home town near Cracow. ...
• IMHO, the best home for it is Christian-Jewish reconciliation. ...

• The Zohar (Hebrew for "Radiance") is widely considered the most important work of Jewish mysticism. ...
• The Zohar first appeared in Spain in the thirteenth century, and was published by a Jewish writer named Moses ben Shem-Tov de Leon. ... Jewish historiography holds that during a time of Roman persecution, Rabbi hid in a cave for 13 years, studying the Torah (five books of Moses) with his son Eliezar. ...
• Over time, however, the general view in the Jewish community came to be one of acceptance of Moses ben Shem-Tov's claims; the Zohar was held to be an authentic book of mysticism passed down from the second century. ...
• The only objection worthy of consideration by the believers in the authenticity of the Zohar was the lack of references to the work in Jewish literature; and to this they answered that Simeon ben Yohai did not commit his teachings to writing, but transmitted them orally to his disciples, who in turn confided them to their disciples, and these to their successors, until finally the doctrines were embodied in the Zohar. ...
• The objections were that (1) if the Zohar was the work of Simeon ben Yohai, it would have been mentioned by the Talmud, as has been the case with other works of the Talmudic period; (2) the Zohar contains names of rabbis who lived at a later period than that of Simeon; (3) were Simeon ben Yohai the father of the Kabbalah, knowing by divine revelation the hidden meaning of the precepts, his decisions on Jewish law would have been adopted by the Talmud; but this has not been done; (4) were the Kabbalah a revealed doctrine, there would have been no divergence of opinion among the Kabbalists concerning the mystic interpretation of the precepts ("Be inat ha-Dat," ed. ...
• In the mid 20th century the Jewish historian Gershom Scholem offered persuasive evidence that de Leon himself was the most likely author of the Zohar. ...
• Thus, in the language of many Jewish poets the beloved one's curls indicate the mysteries of the Deity; sensuous pleasures, and especially intoxication, typify the highest degree of divine love as ecstatic contemplation; while the wine-room represents merely the state through which the human qualities merge or are exalted into those of the Deity. ...
• The disastrous effects of the Sabbatai Zevi messianic movement damped the enthusiasm that had been felt for the book in the Jewish community. ...

• Anti-Semitism (also known as miso-Judaism) is ideologically motivated hostility toward Jews, Jewish individuals or Jewish culture. ...
• David Berger, professor of history at Brooklyn College, writes that: "Essentially, anti-Semitism means either of the following: (1) hostility to Jews as a group which results from no legitimate cause or greatly exceeds any reasonable, ethical response to genuine provocation; or (2) a pejorative perception of Jewish physical or moral traits which is either utterly groundless or a result of irrational generalization and exaggeration" .
• Discrimination or violence against other non-Jewish Semites are unlikely to be described as anti-Semitism. ...
• However, this illustrates the difficulty of the general adoption of an inaccurate term for a common phenomenon, since some Arabs are anti-Jewish, which is what anti-Semitism means in practical terms. Some speakers now prefer the term anti-Jewish as being more appropriate. ...
• Unlike anti-Semitism in general, this form of hatred is directed at the religion itself, and so does not affect those of Jewish ancestry who have converted to another religion. ...
• However, the unfortunate events, that occurred for Jews, Jewish religious and Jewish people, can be traced in history centuries before. ...
• As an ethnic minority, Jews were also dependent on the goodwill of the ruling imperial power, though this was considered irksome to the indigenous population, which regarded any vestiges of autonomy among the local Jewish communities as reminders of their subject status to a foreign empire. Nevertheless, this did not always mean that opposition to Jewish involvement in local affairs was anti-Semitic. In 411 BCE, an Egyptian mob destroyed the Jewish temple at Elephantine in Egypt, but many historians argue that this was provoked by anti-Persian sentiment, rather than by anti-Semitism per se -- the Jews, who were protected by the imperial power, were perceived as being its representatives. ...
• The enormous and influential Jewish community in the ancient Egyptian port city of Alexandria saw manifestations of an unusual brand of anti-Semitism in which the local pagan populace rejected the biblical narrative of the Exodus as being anti-Egyptian. ... This was also used to account for Jewish practices--they were so sickly that they could not even wander in the desert for more than six days at a time, requiring a seventh day to rest, hence the origin of the Sabbath. It was these charges that led to Philo's apologetic account of Judaism and Jewish history, which was so influential in the development of early church doctrine. ...
• While many more subtle manifestations of Church anti-Semitism can be traced to anti-Jewish sentiment in Egypt, these more blatant early accusations of Theological anti-Semitism has been particularly prevalent in Christianity. ...
• This was also often accompanied by beliefs that Jewish religious practice entailed devil worship, or "Satanic" actions, such as drinking the blood of Christian children in mockery of the Christian Eucharist; this belief is known as the blood libel (the history of which is described in more detail in that article). ...
• Racial anti-Semites believe erroneously that the Jewish people are a distinct race. ...

• Jewish eschatology.
• Jewish eschatology is concerned with moschiach (the messiah) and Olam Haba (Hebrew for "the world to come"; i. ...
• The traditional Jewish understanding of the messiah is non-supernatural, and is best elucidated by Maimonides (Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon), in his commentary to tractate Sanhedrin, of the Babylonian Talmud. ...
• Much of the Jewish tradition affirms that the human soul is immortal, and thus in some way survives the physical death of the body. ...
• As such, the different Jewish views of the afterlife are sometimes contradictory. ...
• It is sometimes translated as "hell", but one should note that the Christian view of hell is different from the Jewish view. ...
• In the tenth century, the Jewish medieval philosopher Saadia Gaon noted that the belief of reincarnation existed among some Jews despite the inherent "nonsense and stupidies" of such beliefs. ...
• Although how this occurred is still a matter of debate among Jewish historians, the doctrine of reincarnation made its way into the mainstream of Jewish mysticism by the twelth century, where it made its first appearance in a mystical work called the Bahir (Illumination), around 1150 AD. ...
• Nonetheless, the idea that one can reborn as an animal was never completely eliminated from Jewish thought, and appears centuries later in the Eastern European folk tradition". Simcha Paull-Raphael,Jewish Views of the Afterlife, p. ...
• Most would state that it is a non-Jewish belief, and is forbidden for Jews to hold. ...

• 6 Kabbalah in Christianity and non-Jewish society.
• 7 Primary Jewish texts.
• Early forms of Jewish mysticism at first consisted only of empirical lore. ...
• Some historians of religion hold that we should limit the use of the term Kabbalah only to the mystical religious systems which appeared after the twelfth century; they use other terms to refer to esoteric Jewish mystical systems before the 12th century. ... As such, these scholars feel that it is appropriate to use the term "Kabbalah" to refer to Jewish mysticism as early as the first century of the common era. ...
• Since the late 19th century, with the emergence of the "Jewish Studies" approach, the Kabbalah has also been studied as a highly rational system of understanding the world, rather than a mystical one. ...
• It offers a cosmogony based upon the twenty-two letters of the Hebrew alphabet, and connected with Jewish chronology and Messianology, while at the same time insisting upon the heptad as the holy number rather than upon the decadic system adopted by the later haggadists and the "Sefer Yetzirah". ...
• Gnosticism — that is, the cabalistic "Chochmah" (חכמה "wisdom") - seems to have been the first attempt on the part of the Jewish sages to give the empirical mystic lore, with the help of Platonic and Pythagorean or Stoic ideas, a speculative turn. This led to the danger of heresy from which the Jewish rabbinic figures Akiva and Ben Zoma strove to extricate themselves; .
• Kabbalah in Christianity and non-Jewish society .
• The term "Kabbalah" did not come into use until sometime in the 11th century, and at that time referred to the Jewish school of thought related to esoteric mysticism. ...
• Since this time Kabbalistic works gained a wider audience outside of the Jewish community. ... Today this word can be used to describe many Jewish, Christian, or neo-pagan schools of esoteric mysticism. ...
• Primary Jewish texts .
• Like many Jewish mystical texts, the Sefer Yetzirah was written in such a way as to be meaningless to those who read it without an extensive background in the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) and Midrash. ...
• The second of the important Jewish mystical works is the Bahir ("illumination"), also known as "The Midrash of Rabbi Nehuniah ben haKana". ...

• On July 22, 1946, members of the Jewish underground military organization Irgun Tsvai-Leumi in the British Mandate of Palestine planted and exploded a bomb at the King David Hotel. ... 91 people were killed, most of them civilians: 28 British, 41 Arab, 17 Jewish, and 5 other. ...
• The Jewish leadership publicly condemned these attacks. The Jewish agency expressed "their feelings of horror at the base and unparalleled act perpetrated today by a gang of criminals". ...
• The Irgun issued an initial statement accepting responsibility for the attack, blaming the British for the deaths due to failure to respond to the warning, and mourning the Jewish victims. ...
• The British army commander in Palestine, General Sir Evelyn Barker, in an order written only a few minutes after the bombing, commanded that Jewish property be "out of bounds for all British officers and soldiers". ...

• Jewish fundamentalism.
• The term Jewish fundamentalism is used to refer to fundamentalist religious beliefs among Jews. ...
• This opinion may clearly be interpreted in many ways --- taken to extremes, the statement implies that each law within the tens of thousands of volumes of Jewish legal codes is regarded as sacred and infallible, even if it contradicts others, and there are undoubtably some who believe this. ...
• However, many of the most controversial settlement leaders are associated with Jewish fundamentalists who support the concept of "Greater Israel". ...

• The term Baal Teshuva, or Chozrei BeTeshuva, refers to a return of a Jewish person to a Jewishly observant lifestyle. It is sometimes colloquially referred to as "Born-Again Judaism", because of its revivalistic aspects; however, the term is not correct, as Jewish theology rejects the idea that a return to Judaism "saves" a person from damnation. ...
• 4 Orthodox Jewish outreach organizations.
• 1 Orthodox Jewish outreach to women.
• 2 Orthodox Jewish Day Schools.
• A great many of these people temporarily adopted a fully Orthodox Jewish way of life, and although many eventually "dropped out" of Orthodox Judaism per se, many of these people did stay within Orthodox Judaism. ...
• This baal teshuva movement also appeared in the former Soviet Union, which at that time had almost completely secularized its Jewish population. The rise of Jewish pride came in response to the growth of the State of Israel, in reaction to the USSR's pro-Arab and anti-Zionist policies, and in reaction to the USSR's anti-Semitism. The return to Judaism movement was a spontaneous movement from the ground up; it came as a great surprise to the Soviet authorities, and even to the Jewish community outside of the USSR. ...
• Many Russian Jews began to study any Jewish texts they could lay their hands on. Foreign rabbis came on visits in order to teach how to learn Torah and how to observe Jewish law. ... In Israel, the euphoria of the 1967 Six Day War victory was interpreted even by some secular Jewish Israelis as a miracle. ...
• During this time there was a movement among secular Jewish Israelis that essentially was a search for spirituality. ... While some Jews were hostile to traditional Judaism, a spiritual quest in the 1960s and 1970s caused some Israelis to seek answers in Jewish tradition. ...
• Orthodox Jewish outreach organizations .
• Within Modern Orthodox Judaism, the Union of Orthodox Congregations created the National Conference of Synagogue Youth NCSY to reach Jewish teenagers in public schools. ...

• Nat Hentoff (born June 10, 1925) is a civil libertarian, free speech absolutist, Jazz aficionado and columnist for the Village Voice, Legal Times, Washington Times, Editor & Publisher, Free Inquiry and Jewish World Review. ...
• "I'm a Jewish atheist civil-libertarian pro-lifer. ...

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• Now that they have finally seen the film, moderate Christian and Jewish audiences say “The Passion of the Christ” has confirmed their worst fears about the anti-Semitic portrayal of Jews in the last hours of Jesus’ life. ...
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• The Talmud teaches that every Jewish parent is obligated to ensure that his child learns to swim, explains Jerry Kaye, director of Olin-Sang-Ruby Union Institute (OSRUI) in Oconomowoc, Wisc. ...
• 30 Jewish Times). ...
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• Senate budget cuts in global aid affect women the most, the American Jewish World Service said.
• Peggy Tishman, a former president of the New York Jewish federation, died last Friday at 84.
• Jewish members of Canada's Conservative Party are protesting the scheduling of elections for a new party leader on a Shabbat.
• Nicolae Cajal, chairman of Romania's Jewish community, died Sunday in Bucharest at the age of 84.
• A 70-year-old German Jewish newspaper begun in New York by emigrants from Nazi Germany may close.
• The debate within the Jewish community over the proper response to "The Passion of the Christ" was turned up a notch last week when an outspoken Orthodox rabbi declared the film's Jewish critics can be placed in the religious category of rodef, or pursuer.
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• He also said that there are reliable evidence to prove that the Israelis have been involved in these incidents and added that no Jewish employee was present in the World Trade Organization buildings on the day of the attack, and Sharon's visit to the U. ...
• 13, 2001), surveys in the Muslim nation of Pakistan showed that 71% of Pakistanis believed that 4000 Jews stayed away from the WTC that day because they were part of a vast Jewish conspiracy, and this has advance warning of the terrorist attacks. ...
• Muslims do not feel safe even going to the hospitals, because some Jewish doctors in one of the hospitals poisoned sick Muslim children, who then died. ...
• "What happened is, in my opinion, the product of Jewish, Israeli, and American Zionism, and the act of the great Jewish Zionist mastermind that controls the world's economy, media, and politics. ... The goal of the suicide operations in New York was, in my opinion, to push the American people, President Bush, and NATO to submit even more to the Jewish Zionist ideology and the historical goals it has held since the Basel Congress in 1897, under the Zionist-Jewish slogan of 'Islamic terror'. ... We have said in the past that Jewish-Israeli-American Zionism is leading the region to disaster, and that it is trying to lead the Americans and its worldwide allies to world disaster. ...

• The belief that an individual's personal autonomy overrides traditional Jewish law and custom. The individual decides which Jewish practices, if any, to adopt as binding .
• A non-fundamentalist method of understanding the Jewish principles of faith, along with the belief that no Jew need accept all - or any particular - principles of faith. ...
• 3 Reform Jewish theology today.
• 4 Reform's position on Halakha (Jewish law) today.
• 6 Jewish identity.
• In response to The Enlightenment and the emancipation, elements within German Jewry sought to reform Jewish belief and practice. In light of modern scholarship, they denied divine authorship of the Torah, declared only those biblical laws concerning ethics to be binding, and stated that the rest of halakha (Jewish law) need no longer be viewed as normative. Circumcision was abandoned, rabbis wore vestments modeled after Protestant ministers, and instrumental accompaniment --- banned in Jewish Sabbath worship since the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 C. ...
• The Reform movement gradually removed the majority of traditional prayers from the Jewish prayer book; instead of translating the prayers into modern German, they were usually deleted. ... These measures were aimed at the esthetic regeneration of the liturgy rather than at the principles of Jewish faith or modification of Jewish law. ...
• The Reform movement later took on an altogether different aspect in consequence, on the one hand, of the rise of "Jewish science," the first-fruits of which were the investigations of Leopold Zunz, and the advent of young rabbis who, in addition to a thorough training in Talmudic and rabbinical literature, had received an academic education, coming thereby under the spell of German philosophic thought. ...
• In the 1800s and very early 1900s, Reform Judaism rejected the idea that Jews would re-create a Jewish state in their ancestral homeland. ...
• For reform Jews, all forms of Jewish law and custom were seen as bound up with the national political conception of Israel's destiny, and thus they are dispensable. ...
• Many Reform Jews went so far as to agree that prayers for the resumption of a Jewish homeland were incompatible with desiring to be a citizen of a nation. ...
• Wise establishes the Jewish Institute of Religion in New York. ...

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